Senin, 23 Juli 2012

Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with integrated positron-emission tomography and computed tomography

REFERENCES
1. Travis WD, Muller-Hermelink, HK, Harris CC, et al. Pathology and
genetics of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. World
Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics .
Lyon: IARC Press. WHO Blue Books, 2004.
2. Auerbach O, Stout AP, Hammond EC, et al. Changes in bronchial
epithelium in relation to sex, age, residence, smoking and pneumonia.
N Engl J Med 1962;267(3):111–119.
3. Auerbach O, Stout AP, Hammond EC, et al. Bronchial epithelium in
former smokers. N Engl J Med 1962;267(3):119–125.
4. Mitchell MF, Tortolero-Luna G, Wright T, et al. Cervical human papillomavirus
infection and intraepithelial neoplasia: a review. J Natl
Cancer Inst Monogr 1996;(21):17–25.
5. Bond JH. Colorectal cancer update. Prevention, screening, treatment, and
surveillance for high-risk groups. Med Clin North Am 2000;84:1163–1182.
6. Marcus PM, Bergstralh EJ, Fagerstrom RM, et al. Lung cancer mortality
in the Mayo Lung Project: impact of extended follow-up. J Natl
Cancer Inst 2000;92:1308–1316.
7. Parkin DM, Moss SM. Lung cancer screening: improved survival but
no reduction in deaths—the role of “overdiagnosis.” Cancer 2000;89:
2369–2376.
8. Marcus PM. Lung cancer screening: an update. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:
S83–S86.
9. Bach PB. Is our natural-history model of lung cancer wrong? Lancet
Oncol 2008;9:693–697.
10. Colby TV, Tazelaar HD, Travis WD, et al. Pathologic review of the
Mayo Lung Project. Is there a case for misdiagnosis or overdiagnosis of
lung carcinoma in the screened group? Cancer 2002;95:2361–2365.
11. Prindiville SA, Byers T, Hirsch FR, et al. Sputum cytological atypia as a
predictor of incident lung cancer in a cohort of heavy smokers with airflow
obstruction. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:987–993.
12. Byers T, Wolf HJ, Franklin WA, et al. Sputum cytologic atypia predicts
incident lung cancer: defining latency and histologic specificity. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:158–162.
13. Hirsch FR, Prindiville SA, Miller YE, et al. Fluorescence versus whitelight
bronchoscopy for detection of preneoplastic lesions: a randomized
study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:1385–1391.
14. Kennedy TC, McWilliams A, Edell E, et al. Bronchial intraepithelial
neoplasia/early central airways lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based
clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007;132(3 Suppl):
S221–S233.
15. Nicholson AG, Perry LJ, Cury PM, et al. Reproducibility of the
WHO/IASLC grading system for pre-invasive squamous lesions of
the bronchus: a study of inter-observer and intra-observer variation.
Histopathology 2001;38:202–208.
16. Keith RL, Miller YE, Gemmill RM, et al. Angiogenic squamous dysplasia
in bronchi of individuals at high risk for lung cancer. Clin Cancer
Res 2000;6:1616–1625.
17. Keith RL, Miller YE, Kennedy TC, et al. Angiogenic squamous dysplasia
(ASD): a biomarker highly associated with squamous cell lung
carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2003;41(Suppl 2):S161.
18. Venmans BJ, van Boxem TJ, Smit EF, et al. Outcome of bronchial
carcinoma in situ. Chest 2000;117:1572–1576.
19. Jonsson S, Varella-Garcia M, Miller YE, et al. Chromosomal aneusomy
in bronchial high-grade lesions is associated with invasive lung cancer.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:342–347.
20. Nagamoto N, Saito Y, Sato M, et al. Clinicopathological analysis of 19
cases of isolated carcinoma in situ of the bronchus. Am J Surg Pathol
1993;17:1234–1243.
21. Wang GF, Lai MD, Yang RR, et al. Histological types and significance
of bronchial epithelial dysplasia. Mod Pathol 2006;19:429–437.
22. Wiest JS, Franklin WA, Drabkin H, et al. Genetic markers for early
detection of lung cancer and outcome measures for response to chemoprevention.
J Cell Biochem Suppl 1997;28–29:64–73.
23. Rusch V, Klimstra D, Linkov I, et al. Aberrant expression of p53 or the
epidermal growth factor receptor is frequent in early bronchial neoplasia
and coexpression precedes squamous cell carcinoma development.
Cancer Res 1995;55:1365–1372.
24. Merrick DT, Kittelson J, Winterhalder R, et al. Analysis of c-ErbB1/
epidermal growth factor receptor and c-ErbB2/HER-2 expression in
bronchial dysplasia: evaluation of potential targets for chemoprevention
of lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:2281–2288.
25. Franklin WA, Veve R, Hirsch FR, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor
family in lung cancer and premalignancy. Semin Oncol 2002;29:3–14.
26. Hirsch FR, Scagliotti GV, Langer CJ, et al. Epidermal growth factor
family of receptors in preneoplasia and lung cancer: perspectives for
targeted therapies. Lung Cancer 2003;41(Suppl 1):S29–S42.
27. Meert AP, Feoli F, Martin B, et al. Ki67 expression in bronchial preneoplastic
lesions and carcinoma in situ defined according to the new 1999 WHO/
IASLC criteria: a preliminary study. Histopathology 2004;44:47–53.
28. Hittelman WN, Liu DD, Kurie JM, et al. Proliferative changes in the
bronchial epithelium of former smokers treated with retinoids. J Natl
Cancer Inst 2007;99:1603–1612.
29. Orita H, Coulter J, Tully E, et al. Inhibiting fatty acid synthase for
chemoprevention of chemically induced lung tumors. Clin Cancer Res
2008;14:2458–2464.
30. Tan DF, Huberman JA, Hyland A, et al. MCM2—a promising marker
for premalignant lesions of the lung: a cohort study. BMC Cancer
2001;1:6.
31. Sozzi G, Pastorino U, Moiraghi L, et al. Loss of FHIT function in lung
cancer and preinvasive bronchial lesions. Cancer Res 1998;58:5032–5037.
32. Brambilla E, Gazzeri S, Moro D, et al. Alterations of Rb pathway (Rbp16INK4-
cyclin D1) in preinvasive bronchial lesions. Clin Cancer Res
1999;5:243–250.
33. Kato Y, Hirano T, Yoshida K, et al. Frequent loss of E-cadherin and/or
catenins in intrabronchial lesions during carcinogenesis of the bronchial
epithelium. Lung Cancer 2005;48:323–230.
34. Boers JE, ten Velde GP, Thunnissen FB. P53 in squamous metaplasia:
a marker for risk of respiratory tract carcinoma. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med 1996;153:411–416.
35. Ratschiller D, Heighway J, Gugger M, et al. Cyclin D1 overexpression
in bronchial epithelia of patients with lung cancer is associated with
smoking and predicts survival. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2085–2093.
36. Jeanmart M, Lantuejoul S, Fievet F, et al. Value of immunohistochemical
markers in preinvasive bronchial lesions in risk assessment of lung
cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:2195–2203.
37. Jeanmart M, Lantejoul S, Fievet F, et al. Value of immunohistochemical
markers in preinvasive bronchial lesions in risk assessment of lung
cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:2195–2203.
38. Pendleton N, Dixon GR, Burnett HE, et al. Expression of proliferating
cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in dysplasia of the bronchial epithelium.
J Pathol 1993;170:169–172.
39. Hecht SS. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: chemical mechanisms
and approaches to prevention. Lancet Oncol 2002;3:461–469.
40. Pfeifer GP, Denissenko MF, Olivier M, et al. Tobacco smoke carcinogens,
DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers.
Oncogene 2002;21:7435–7451.
41. Wiencke JK. DNA adduct burden and tobacco carcinogenesis.
Oncogene 2002;21:7376–7391.
42. Zochbauer-Muller S, Gazdar AF, Minna JD. Molecular pathogenesis of
lung cancer. Annu Rev Physiol 2002;64:681–708.
43. Girard L, Zochbauer-Muller S, Virmani AK, et al. Genome-wide allelotyping
of lung cancer identifies new regions of allelic loss, differences
between small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer,
and loci clustering. Cancer Res 2000;60:4894–4906.
44. Franklin WA, Hirsch FR. Molecular and cell biology of lung carcinoma.
In: Sculier JP, Fry WA, eds. Malignant Tumors of the Lung . 1st
Ed. New York: Springer, 2003:3–27.
45. Wistuba II, Behrens C, Virmani AK, et al. High resolution chromosome
3p allelotyping of human lung cancer and preneoplastic/preinvasive
bronchial epithelium reveals multiple, discontinuous sites of
3p allele loss and three regions of frequent breakpoints. Cancer Res
2000;60:1949–1960.
46. Wistuba II, Behrens C, Milchgrub S, et al. Sequential molecular abnormalities
are involved in the multistage development of squamous cell
lung carcinoma. Oncogene 1999;18:643–650.
47. Varella-Garcia M, Gemmill RM, Rabenhorst SH, et al. Chromosomal
duplication accompanies allelic loss in non-small cell lung carcinoma.
Cancer Res 1998;58:4701–4707.
48. Smith AL, Hung J, Walker L, et al. Extensive areas of aneuploidy are
present in the respiratory epithelium of lung cancer patients. Br J
Cancer 1996;73:203–209.
49. Romeo MS, Sokolova IA, Morrison LE, et al. Chromosomal abnormalities
in non-small cell lung carcinomas and in bronchial epithelia of
high-risk smokers detected by multi-target interphase fluorescence in
situ hybridization. J Mol Diagn 2003;5:103–112.
50. Taguchi T, Zhou JY, Feder M, et al. Detection of aneuploidy in interphase
nuclei from non-small cell lung carcinomas by fluorescence in
situ hybridization using chromosome-specific repetitive DNA probes.
Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1996;89:120–125.
51. Balsara BR, Testa JR. Chromosomal imbalances in human lung cancer.
Oncogene 2002;21:6877–6883.
52. Testa JR, Siegfried JM. Chromosome abnormalities in human nonsmall
cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1992;52(9 Suppl):S2702–S2706.
53. Schenk T, Ackermann J, Brunner C, et al. Detection of chromosomal aneuploidy
by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization in bronchoscopically
gained cells from lung cancer patients. Chest 1997;111:1691–1696.
54. Haruki N, Harano T, Masuda A, et al. Persistent increase in chromosome
instability in lung cancer: possible indirect involvement of p53
inactivation. Am J Pathol 2001;159:1345–1352.
55. Luk C, Tsao MS, Bayani J, et al. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of nonsmall
cell lung carcinoma by spectral karyotyping and comparative genomic
hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2001;125:87–99.
56. Borczuk AC, Gorenstein L, Walter KL, et al. Non-small-cell lung cancer
molecular signatures recapitulate lung developmental pathways. Am
J Pathol 2003;163:1949–1960.
57. Watkins DN, Berman DM, Burkholder SG, et al. Hedgehog signalling
within airway epithelial progenitors and in small-cell lung cancer.
Nature 2003;422:313–317.
58. Khuder SA. Effect of cigarette smoking on major histological types of
lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Lung Cancer 2001;31:139–148.
59. Wahbah M, Boroumand N, Castro C, et al. Changing trends in the
distribution of the histologic types of lung cancer: a review of 4,439
cases. Ann Diagn Pathol 2007;11:89–96.
60. Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, et al. Histological typing of tumours
of lung and pleura. In: Sobin LH. World Health Organization
International Classification of Tumours. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York:
Springer-Verlag.
61. DeMay RM. The Art and Science of Cytopathology . Chicago: ASCP
Press, 1996:209.
62. Rivera MP, Detterbeck F, Mehta AC. Diagnosis of lung cancer: the
guidelines. Chest 2003;123(1 Suppl):S129–S136.
63. Risse EK, van’t Hof MA, Vooijs GP. Relationship between patient characteristics
and the sputum cytologic diagnosis of lung cancer. Acta Cytol
1987;31:159–165.
64. Sandler A, Gray R, Perry MC, et al. Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or
with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med
2006;355:2542–2550.
65. Scagliotti GV, Parikh P, von Pawel J, et al. Phase III study comparing
cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-
naive patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer.
J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3543–3551.
66. Moll R, Franke WW, Schiller DL, et al. The catalog of human cytokeratins:
patterns of expression in normal epithelia, tumors and cultured
cells. Cell 1982;31:11–24.
67. Fuchs E, Cleveland DW. A structural scaffolding of intermediate filaments
in health and disease. Science 1998;279:514–519.
68. Chu PG, Weiss LM. Keratin expression in human tissues and neoplasms.
Histopathology 2002;40:403–439.
69. Ordonez NG. The diagnostic utility of immunohistochemistry in distinguishing
between epithelioid mesotheliomas and squamous carcinomas
of the lung: a comparative study. Mod Pathol 2006;19:417–428.
70. Camilo R, Capelozzi VL, Siqueira SA, et al. Expression of p63, keratin
5/6, keratin 7, and surfactant-A in non-small cell lung carcinomas.
Hum Pathol 2006;37:542–546.
71. Kargi A, Gurel D, Tuna B. The diagnostic value of TTF-1, CK 5/6,
and p63 immunostaining in classification of lung carcinomas. Appl
Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007;15:415–420.
72. Ordonez NG. Value of cytokeratin 5/6 immunostaining in distinguishing
epithelial mesothelioma of the pleura from lung adenocarcinoma.
Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:1215–1221.
73. Chu PG, Weiss LM. Expression of cytokeratin 5/6 in epithelial neoplasms:
an immunohistochemical study of 509 cases. Mod Pathol 2002;15:6–10.
74. Au NH, Cheang M, Huntsman DG, et al. Evaluation of immunohistochemical
markers in non-small cell lung cancer by unsupervised
hierarchical clustering analysis: a tissue microarray study of 284 cases
and 18 markers. J Pathol 2004;204:101–109.
75. Lyda MH, Weiss LM. Immunoreactivity for epithelial and neuroendocrine
antibodies are useful in the differential diagnosis of lung carcinomas.
Hum Pathol 2000;31:980–987.
76. Chu P, Wu E, Weiss LM. Cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 20 expression
in epithelial neoplasms: a survey of 435 cases. Mod Pathol 2000;13:
962–972.
77. Jerome Marson V, Mazieres J, Groussard O, et al. Expression of TTF-1
and cytokeratins in primary and secondary epithelial lung tumours: correlation
with histological type and grade. Histopathology 2004;45:125–134.
78. Massion PP, Taflan PM, Jamshedur Rahman SM, et al. Significance of
p63 amplification and overexpression in lung cancer development and
prognosis. Cancer Res 2003;63:7113–7121.
79. Wang BY, Gil J, Kaufman D, et al. P63 in pulmonary epithelium,
pulmonary squamous neoplasms, and other pulmonary tumors. Hum
Pathol 2002;33:921–926.
80. Au NH, Gown AM, Cheang M, et al. L. P63 expression in lung carcinoma:
a tissue microarray study of 408 cases. Appl Immunohistochem
Mol Morphol 2004;12:240–247.
81. Pelosi G, Pasini F, Olsen Stenholm C, et al. p63 immunoreactivity in
lung cancer: yet another player in the development of squamous cell
carcinomas? J Pathol 2002;198:100–109.
82. Downey P, Cummins R, Moran M, et al. If it’s not CK5/6 positive,
TTF-1 negative it’s not a squamous cell carcinoma of lung. APMIS
2008;116:526–529.
83. Kalhor N, Zander DS, Liu J. TTF-1 and p63 for distinguishing pulmonary
small-cell carcinoma from poorly differentiated squamous cell
carcinoma in previously pap-stained cytologic material. Mod Pathol
2006;19:1117–1123.
84. Shigematsu H, Lin L, Takahashi T, et al. Clinical and biological features
associated with epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations
in lung cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:339–346.
85. Tsao AS, Tang XM, Sabloff B, et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics of
the EGFR gene mutation in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol
2006;1:231–239.
86. Sengupta S, Harris CC. p53: traffic cop at the crossroads of DNA repair
and recombination. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005;6:44–55.
87. Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollstein M, et al. Mutations in the p53
tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis.
Cancer Res 1994;54:4855–4878.
88. Mitsudomi T, Hamajima N, Ogawa M, et al. Prognostic significance
of p53 alterations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a metaanalysis.
Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:4055–4063.
89. Cairns P, Polascik TJ, Eby Y, et al. Frequency of homozygous deletion at
p16/CDKN2 in primary human tumours. Nat Genet 1995;11:210–212.
90. Kamb A, Gruis NA, Weaver-Feldhaus J, et al. A cell cycle regulator
potentially involved in genesis of many tumor types. Science
1994;264:436–140.
91. Belinsky SA, Nikula KJ, Palmisano WA, et al. Aberrant methylation of
p16(INK4a) is an early event in lung cancer and a potential biomarker
for early diagnosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:11891–11896.
92. Toyooka S, Toyooka KO, Maruyama R, et al. DNA methylation profiles
of lung tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2001;1:61–67.
93. Brock MV, Hooker CM, Ota-Machida E, et al. DNA methylation
markers and early recurrence in stage I lung cancer. N Engl J Med
2008;358:1118–1128.
94. Geradts J, Fong KM, Zimmerman PV, et al. Correlation of abnormal
RB, p16ink4a, and p53 expression with 3p loss of heterozygosity, other
genetic abnormalities, and clinical features in 103 primary non-small
cell lung cancers. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:791–800.
95. Burke L, Flieder DB, Guinee DG, et al. Prognostic implications of
molecular and immunohistochemical profiles of the Rb and p53 cell
cycle regulatory pathways in primary non-small cell lung carcinoma.
Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:232–241.
96. Bhattacharjee A, Richards WG, Staunton J, et al. Classification of
human lung carcinomas by mRNA expression profiling reveals distinct
adenocarcinoma subclasses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:
13790–13795.
97. Garber ME, Troyanskaya OG, Schluens K, et al. Diversity of gene
expression in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2001;98:13784–13789.
98. Barash Y, Dehan E, Krupsky M, et al. Comparative analysis of algorithms
for signal quantitation from oligonucleotide microarrays.
Bioinformatics 2004;20:839–846.
99. Sugita M, Geraci M, Gao B, et al. Combined use of oligonucleotide
and tissue microarrays identifies cancer/testis antigens as biomarkers in
lung carcinoma. Cancer Res 2002;62:3971–3979.
100. Atanackovic D, Altorki NK, Cao Y, et al. Booster vaccination of cancer
patients with MAGE-A3 protein reveals long-term immunological
memory or tolerance depending on priming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2008;105:1650–1655.
101. Vansteenkiste JF, Zielinski M, Dahabreh IJ, et al. Association of gene
expression signature and clinical efficacy of MAGE-A3 antigen-specific
cancer immunotherapeutic (ASCI) as adjuvant therapy in resected
stage IB/II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol
2008;26:7501.
102. Raponi M, Zhang Y, Yu J, et al. Gene expression signatures for predicting
prognosis of squamous cell and adenocarcinomas of the lung.
Cancer Res 2006;66:7466–7472.
103. Riedel RF, Porrello A, Pontzer E, et al. A genomic approach to identify
molecular pathways associated with chemotherapy resistance. Mol
Cancer Ther 2008;7:3141–3149.
104. Minna JD, Girard L, Xie Y. Tumor mRNA expression profiles predict
responses to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4329–4336.
105. Potti A, Mukherjee S, Petersen R, et al. A genomic strategy to refine
prognosis in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med
2006;355:570–580.
106. Coldren CD, Helfrich BA, Witta SE, et al. Baseline gene expression
predicts sensitivity to gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines.
Mol Cancer Res 2006;4:521–528.
107. Taguchi F, Solomon B, Gregorc V, et al. Mass spectrometry to classify
non-small-cell lung cancer patients for clinical outcome after treatment
with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a multicohort
cross-institutional study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:838–846.
108. Travis WD, Travis LB, Devesa SS. Lung cancer. Cancer 1995;75:
191–202.
109. Tamboli P, Toprani TH, Amin MB, et al. Carcinoma of lung with
rhabdoid features. Hum Pathol 2004;35:8–13.
110. Chetty R, Bhana B, Batitang S, et al. Lung carcinomas composed of
rhabdoid cells. Eur J Surg Oncol 1997;23:432–434.
111. Shimazaki H, Aida S, Sato M, et al. Lung carcinoma with rhabdoid
cells: a clinicopathological study and survival analysis of 14 cases.
Histopathology 2001;38:425–434.
112. Hiroshima K, Shibuya K, Shimamura F, et al. Pulmonary large cell carcinoma
with rhabdoid phenotype. Ultrastruct Pathol 2003;27:55–59.
113. Ho JC, Wong MP, Lam WK. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of
the lung. Respirology 2006;11:539–545.
114. Ho JC, Lam WK, Wong MP, et al. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma
of the lung: experience with ten cases. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis
2004;8:890–895.
115. Chow LT, Chow WH, Tsui WM, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytologic
diagnosis of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung.
Report of two cases with immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol
1995;103:35–40.
116. Chan AT, Teo PM, Lam KC, et al. Multimodality treatment of primary
lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung. Cancer 1998;83:925–929.
117. Hekelaar N, van Uffelen R, van Vliet AC, et al. Primary lymphoepithelioma-
like carcinoma within an intralobular pulmonary sequestration.
Eur Respir J 2000;16:1025–1027.
118. Han AJ, Xiong M, Gu YY, et al. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of
the lung with a better prognosis. A clinicopathologic study of 32 cases.
Am J Clin Pathol 2001;115:841–850.
119. Brambilla E, Moro D, Veale D, et al. Basal cell (basaloid) carcinoma
of the lung: a new morphologic and phenotypic entity with separate
prognostic significance. Hum Pathol 1992;23:993–1003.
120. Dugan JM. Cytologic diagnosis of basal cell (basaloid) carcinoma of
the lung. A report of two cases. Acta Cytol 1995;39:539–542.
121. Vesoulis, Z. Metastatic laryngeal basaloid squamous cell carcinoma
simulating primary small cell carcinoma of the lung on fine needle aspiration
lung biopsy. A case report. Acta Cytol 1998;42:783–787.
122. Moro D, Brichon PY, Brambilla E, et al. Basaloid bronchial carcinoma.
A histologic group with a poor prognosis. Cancer 1994;73:
2734–2739.
123. Kim DJ, Kim KD, Shin DH, et al. Basaloid carcinoma of the lung: a
really dismal histologic variant? Ann Thorac Surg 2003;76:1833–1837.
124. Fishback NF, Travis WD, Moran CA, et al. Pleomorphic (spindle/giant
cell) carcinoma of the lung. A clinicopathologic correlation of 78 cases.
Cancer 1994;73:2936–2945.
125. Rossi G, Cavazza A, Sturm N, et al. Pulmonary carcinomas with
pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements: a clinicopathologic
and immunohistochemical study of 75 cases. Am J Surg Pathol
2003;27:311–324.
126. Lee JM, Dedhar S, Kalluri R, et al. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition:
new insights in signaling, development, and disease. J Cell Biol
2006;172:973–981.
127. Witta SE, Gemmill RM, Hirsch FR, et al. Restoring E-cadherin expression
increases sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors
in lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2006;66:944–950.
128. Bremnes RM, Veve R, Gabrielson E, et al. High-throughput tissue microarray
analysis used to evaluate biology and prognostic significance
of the e-cadherin pathway in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol
2002;20:2417–2428.
129. Rho JK, Choi YJ, Lee JK, et al. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition
derived from repeated exposure to gefitinib determines the sensitivity
to EGFR inhibitors in A549, a non-small cell lung cancer cell line.
Lung Cancer 2009;63(2):219–226.
130. Yauch RL, Januario T, Eberhard DA, et al. Epithelial versus mesenchymal
phenotype determines in vitro sensitivity and predicts clinical
activity of erlotinib in lung cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:
8686–8698.
131. Deeb G, Wang J, Ramnath N, et al. Altered E-cadherin and epidermal
growth factor receptor expressions are associated with patient survival
in lung cancer: a study utilizing high-density tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry.
Mod Pathol 2004;17:430–439.
132. Barnard WG. The nature of “oat-celled sarcoma” of the mediastinum.
J Pathol 1926;29:241–244.
133. Sandler AB. Chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol
2003;30:9–25.
134. Wingo PA, Ries LA, Giovino GA, et al. Annual report to the nation on
the status of cancer, 1973–1996, with a special section on lung cancer
and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:675–690.
135. Frost JK, Ball WC Jr, Levin ML, et al. Early lung cancer detection:
results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in
the Johns Hopkins study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130:549–554.
136. Flehinger BJ, Melamed MR, Zaman MB, et al. Early lung cancer
detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic
screening in the Memorial Sloan-Kettering study. Am Rev Respir Dis
1984;130:555–560.
137. Fabbro D, Di Loreto C, Stamerra O, et al. TTF-1 gene expression in
human lung tumours. Eur J Cancer 1996;32A:512–517.
138. Di Loreto C, Di Lauro V, Puglisi F, et al. Immunocytochemical expression
of tissue specific transcription factor-1 in lung carcinoma. J Clin
Pathol 1997;50:30–32.
139. Folpe AL, Gown AM, Lamps LW, et al. Thyroid transcription factor-1:
immunohistochemical evaluation in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.
Mod Pathol 1999;12:5–8.
140. Ordonez NG. Value of thyroid transcription factor-1 immunostaining
in distinguishing small cell lung carcinomas from other small cell
carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:1217–1223.
141. Byrd-Gloster AL, Khoor A, Glass LF, et al. Differential expression of
thyroid transcription factor 1 in small cell lung carcinoma and Merkel
cell tumor. Hum Pathol 2000;31:58–62.
142. Leech SN, Kolar AJ, Barrett PD, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma can be
distinguished from metastatic small cell carcinoma using antibodies
to cytokeratin 20 and thyroid transcription factor 1. J Clin Pathol
2001;54:727–729.
143. Sturm N, Rossi G, Lantuejoul S, et al. Expression of thyroid transcription
factor-1 in the spectrum of neuroendocrine cell lung proliferations
with special interest in carcinoids. Hum Pathol 2002;33:175–182.
144. Bobos M, Hytiroglou P, Kostopoulos I, et al. Immunohistochemical
distinction between merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of
the lung. Am J Dermatopathol 2006;28:99–104.
145. Llombart B, Monteagudo C, Lopez-Guerrero JA, et al. Clinicopathological
and immunohistochemical analysis of 20 cases of Merkel cell
carcinoma in search of prognostic markers. Histopathology 2005;46:
622–634.
146. Carlson JW, Nucci MR, Brodsky J, et al. Biomarker-assisted diagnosis
of ovarian, cervical and pulmonary small cell carcinomas: the
role of TTF-1, WT-1 and HPV analysis. Histopathology 2007;51:
305–312.
147. Agoff SN, Lamps LW, Philip AT, et al. Thyroid transcription factor-
1 is expressed in extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas but not in
other extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Mod Pathol 2000;13:
238–242.
148. Alijo Serrano F, Sanchez-Mora N, Angel Arranz J, et al. Large cell and small
cell neuroendocrine bladder carcinoma: immunohistochemical and outcome
study in a single institution. Am J Clin Pathol 2007;128:733–739.
149. Jones TD, Kernek KM, Yang XJ, et al. Thyroid transcription factor 1
expression in small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: an immunohistochemical
profile of 44 cases. Hum Pathol 2005;36:718–723.
150. Yun JP, Zhang MF, Hou JH, et al. Primary small cell carcinoma of the
esophagus: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of
21 cases. BMC Cancer 2007;7:38.
151. Yao JL, Madeb R, Bourne P, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate:
an immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 2006;30:705–712.
152. Kaufmann O, Georgi T, Dietel M. Utility of 123C3 monoclonal antibody
against CD56 (NCAM) for the diagnosis of small cell carcinomas
on paraffin sections. Hum Pathol 1997;28:1373–1378.
153. Lantuejoul S, Moro D, Michalides RJ, et al. Neural cell adhesion molecules
(NCAM) and NCAM-PSA expression in neuroendocrine lung
tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:1267–1276.
154. Franklin WA. Diagnosis of lung cancer: pathology of invasive and preinvasive
neoplasia. Chest 2000;117(4 Suppl 1):80S-89S.
155. Rossi G, Cavazza A, Marchioni A, et al. Kit expression in small cell carcinomas
of the lung: effects of chemotherapy. Mod Pathol 2003;16:1041–1047.
156. Boldrini L, Ursino S, Gisfredi S, et al. Expression and mutational status
of c-kit in small-cell lung cancer: prognostic relevance. Clin Cancer Res
2004;10:4101–4108.
157. Rohr UP, Rehfeld N, Pflugfelder L, et al. Expression of the tyrosine
kinase c-kit is an independent prognostic factor in patients with small
cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2004;111:259–263.
158. Lonardo F, Pass HI, Lucas DR. Immunohistochemistry frequently
detects c-Kit expression in pulmonary small cell carcinoma and may
help select clinical subsets for a novel form of chemotherapy. Appl
Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2003;11:51–55.
159. Mojica WD, Saxena R, Starostik P, et al. CD117+ small cell lung cancer
lacks the asp 816→val point mutation in exon 17. Histopathology
2005;47:517–522.
160. Lopez-Martin A, Ballestin C, Garcia-Carbonero R, et al. Prognostic
value of KIT expression in small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2007;
56:405–413.
161. Whang-Peng J, Kao-Shan CS, Lee EC, et al. Specific chromosome defect
associated with human small-cell lung cancer; deletion 3p(14–23).
Science 1982;215:181–182.
162. Wistuba II, Gazdar AF, Minna JD. Molecular genetics of small cell
lung carcinoma. Semin Oncol 2001;28:3–13.
163. Tatematsu A, Shimizu J, Murakami Y, et al. Epidermal growth factor
receptor mutations in small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res
2008;14:6092–6096.
164. Knudson AG Jr. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971;68:820–823.
165. Friend SH, Bernards R, Rogelj S, et al. A human DNA segment with
properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma.
Nature 1986;323:643–646.
166. Harbour JW, Lai SL, Whang-Peng J, et al. Abnormalities in structure
and expression of the human retinoblastoma gene in SCLC. Science
1988;241:353–357.
167. Yokota J, Akiyama T, Fung YK, et al. Altered expression of the retinoblastoma
(RB) gene in small-cell carcinoma of the lung. Oncogene
1988;3:471–475.
168. Schauer IE, Siriwardana S, Langan TA, et al. Cyclin D1 overexpression
vs. retinoblastoma inactivation: implications for growth control evasion
in non-small cell and small cell lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1994;91:7827–7831.
169. Gouyer V, Gazzeri S, Bolon I, et al. Mechanism of retinoblastoma gene
inactivation in the spectrum of neuroendocrine lung tumors. Am J
Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998;18:188–196.
170. Meyerson M, Franklin WA, Kelley MJ. Molecular classification
and molecular genetics of human lung cancers. Semin Oncol 2004;
31:4–19.
171. Nicholson SA, Beasley MB, Brambilla E, et al. Small cell lung carcinoma
(SCLC): a clinicopathologic study of 100 cases with surgical
specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:1184–1197.
172. Oberndorfer S. Tumoren des Dunndarms. Frankf Z Pathol 1907;
1:426.
173. Hamperl H. Uber gutartige Bronchialtumoren (Cylindrome und
Carcinoide). Virchows Arch 1937;300:46–88.
174. Travis WD, Rush W, Flieder DB, et al. Survival analysis of 200 pulmonary
neuroendocrine tumors with clarification of criteria for atypical
carcinoid and its separation from typical carcinoid. Am J Surg Pathol
1998;22:934–944.
175. Travis WD, Linnoila RI, Tsokos MG, et al. Neuroendocrine tumors
of the lung with proposed criteria for large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
An ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric
study of 35 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1991;15:529–553.
176. McCaughan BC, Martini N, Bains MS. Bronchial carcinoids. Review
of 124 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985;89:8–17.
177. Churg A, Warnock ML. Pulmonary tumorlet. A form of peripheral
carcinoid. Cancer 1976;37:1469–1477.
178. Ranchod M, Levine, GD. Spindle-cell carcinoid tumors of the lung:
a clinicopathologic study of 35 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1980;4:
315–331.
179. Skuladottir H, Hirsch FR, Hansen HH, et al. Pulmonary neuroendocrine
tumors: incidence and prognosis of histological subtypes. A
population-based study in Denmark. Lung Cancer 2002;37:127–35.
180. Arrigoni MG, Woolner LB, Bernatz PE. Atypical carcinoid tumors of
the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1972;64:413–421.
181. Beasley MB, Thunnissen FB, Brambilla E, et al. Pulmonary atypical
carcinoid: predictors of survival in 106 cases. Hum Pathol 2000;31:
1255–1265.
182. Fink G, Krelbaum T, Yellin A, et al. Pulmonary carcinoid: presentation,
diagnosis, and outcome in 142 cases in Israel and review of 640 cases
from the literature. Chest 2001;119:1647–1651.
183. Onuki N, Wistuba II, Travis WD, et al. Genetic changes in the spectrum
of neuroendocrine lung tumors. Cancer 1999;85:600–607.
184. Jiang SX, Kameya T, Shoji M, et al. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
of the lung: a histologic and immunohistochemical study of 22
cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:526–537.
185. Takei H, Asamura H, Maeshima A, et al. Large cell neuroendocrine
carcinoma of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of eighty-seven cases.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:285–292.
186. Flieder DB. Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung: recent developments
in histopathology. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2002;8:275–280.
187. Mazieres J, Daste G, Molinier L, et al. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
of the lung: pathological study and clinical outcome of 18 resected
cases. Lung Cancer 2002;37:287–292.
188. Iyoda A, Hiroshima K, Toyozaki T, et al. Clinical characterization
of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and large
cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine morphology. Cancer 2001;91:
1992–2000.
189. Hage R, Seldenrijk K, de Bruin P, et al. Pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine
carcinoma (LCNEC). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003;23:
457–460.
190. Frierson HF Jr, Covell JL, Mills SE. Fine needle aspiration cytology of
atypical carcinoid of the lung. Acta Cytol 1987;31:471–475.
191. Wiatrowska BA, Krol J, Zakowski MF. Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
of the lung: proposed criteria for cytologic diagnosis. Diagn
Cytopathol 2001;24:58–64.
192. Kakinuma H, Mikami T, Iwabuchi K, et al. Diagnostic findings of
bronchial brush cytology for pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine
carcinomas: comparison with poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas,
squamous cell carcinomas, and small cell carcinomas. Cancer 2003;99:
247–254.
193. Yang YJ, Steele CT, Ou XL, et al. Diagnosis of high-grade pulmonary
neuroendocrine carcinoma by fine-needle aspiration biopsy: nonsmallcell
or small-cell type? Diagn Cytopathol 2001;25:292–300.
194. Loy TS, Darkow GV, Quesenberry JT. Immunostaining in the diagnosis
of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. An immunohistochemical
study with ultrastructural correlations. Am J Surg Pathol
1995;19:173–82.
195. Gosney JR, Gosney MA, Lye M, et al. Reliability of commercially available
immunocytochemical markers for identification of neuroendocrine
differentiation in bronchoscopic biopsies of bronchial carcinoma.
Thorax 1995;50:116–120.
196. Graziano SL, Tatum AH, Newman NB, et al. The prognostic significance
of neuroendocrine markers and carcinoembryonic antigen in patients
with resected stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res
1994;54:2908–2913.
197. Abbona G, Papotti M, Viberti L, et al. Chromogranin A gene expression
in non-small cell lung carcinomas. J Pathol 1998;186:
151–156.
198. Al-Khafaji B, Noffsinger AE, Miller MA, et al. Immunohistologic analysis
of gastrointestinal and pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Hum Pathol
1998;29:992–999.
199. Pujol JL, Simony J, Demoly P, et al. Neural cell adhesion molecule
and prognosis of surgically resected lung cancer. Am Rev Respir Dis
1993;148:1071–1075.
200. Brambilla E, Veale D, Moro D, et al. Neuroendocrine phenotype in
lung cancers. Comparison of immunohistochemistry with biochemical
determination of enolase isoenzymes. Am J Clin Pathol 1992;
98:88–97.
201. Totsch M, Muller LC, Hittmair A, et al. Immunohistochemical demonstration
of chromogranins A and B in neuroendocrine tumors of the
lung. Hum Pathol 1992;23:312–316.
202. Hiroshima K, Iyoda A, Shida T, et al. Distinction of pulmonary large
cell neuroendocrine carcinoma from small cell lung carcinoma: a morphological,
immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis. Mod Pathol
2006;19:1358–1368.
203. Bensch KG, Gordon GB, Miller LR. Electron microscopic and biochemical
studies on the bronchial carcinoid tumor. Cancer 1965;18: 592–602.
204. Pearse AG. The cytochemistry and ultrastructure of polypeptide
hormone-producing cells of the APUD series and the embryologic,
physiologic and pathologic implications of the concept. J Histochem
Cytochem 1969;17:303–313.
205. Fontaine J, Le Douarin NM. Analysis of endoderm formation in the
avian blastoderm by the use of quail-chick chimaeras. The problem of
the neurectodermal origin of the cells of the APUD series. J Embryol
Exp Morphol 1977;41:209–222.
206. Yesner R. Heterogeneity of so-called neuroendocrine lung tumors. Exp
Mol Pathol 2001;70:179–182.
207. Beer DG, Kardia SL, Huang CC, et al. Gene-expression profiles predict
survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Nat Med 2002;8:
816–824.
208. Bobrow LG, Happerfield L, Patel K. The expression of small cell lung
cancer related antigens in foetal lung and kidney. Br J Cancer Suppl
1991;14:56–58.
209. Wuenschell CW, Sunday ME, Singh G, et al. Embryonic mouse lung
epithelial progenitor cells co-express immunohistochemical markers of
diverse mature cell lineages. J Histochem Cytochem 1996;44:113–123.
210. King KA, Torday JS, Sunday ME. Bombesin and [Leu8]phyllolitorin
promote fetal mouse lung branching morphogenesis via a receptor-mediated
mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:4357–4361.
211. Aguayo SM, Miller YE, Waldron JA Jr, et al. Brief report: idiopathic
diffuse hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and airways disease.
N Engl J Med 1992;327:1285–1288.
212. Miller RR, Muller NL. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and obliterative
bronchiolitis in patients with peripheral carcinoid tumors. Am J
Surg Pathol 1995;19:653–658.
213. Alshehri M, Cutz E, Banzhoff A, et al. Hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine
cells in a case of childhood pulmonary emphysema. Chest
1997;112:553–556.
214. Resl M, Kral B, Simek J. Carcinoid tumorlets and pulmonary hypoxia
[in Czech]. Cesk Patol 1995;31:84–86.
215. Charloux A, Quoix E, Wolkove N, et al. The increasing incidence of
lung adenocarcinoma: reality or artefact? A review of the epidemiology
of lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Epidemiol 1997;26:14–23.
216. Shimosato Y, Kodama T, Kameya T. Morphogenesis of peripheral
type adenocarcinoma of the lung. In: Shimosato Y, Melamed MR,
Nettesheim P, eds. Morphogenesis of Lung Cancer , vol. 1. Boca Raton,
Florida: CRC Press, 1982:65–69.
217. Kodama T, Nishiyama H, Nishiwaki Y, et al. Histopathological study
of adenocarcinoma and hyperplastic epithelial lesions of the lung. Jpn J
Lung Cancer (Haigan) 1988;28:325–333.
218. Miller RR. Bronchioloalveolar cell adenomas. Am J Surg Pathol
1990;14:904–912.
219. Nakanishi K. Alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of
the lung. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990;114:363–368.
220. Weng SY, Tsuchiya E, Kasuga T, et al. Incidence of atypical bronchioloalveolar
cell hyperplasia of the lung: relation to histological subtypes of lung
cancer. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1992;420:463–471.
221. Chapman AD, Kerr KM. The association between atypical adenomatous
hyperplasia and primary lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2000;83:632–636.
222. Nakahara R, Yokose T, Nagai K, et al. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
of the lung: a clinicopathological study of 118 cases including
cases with multiple atypical adenomatous hyperplasia. Thorax 2001;56:
302–305.
223. Koga T, Hashimoto S, Sugio K, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma with
bronchioloalveolar carcinoma component is frequently associated with
foci of high-grade atypical adenomatous hyperplasia. Am J Clin Pathol
117:464–470.
224. Yokose T, Ito Y, Ochiai A. High prevalence of atypical adenomatous
hyperplasia of the lung in autopsy specimens from elderly patients with
malignant neoplasms. Lung Cancer 2000;29:125–130.
225. Minami Y, Matsuno Y, Iijima T, et al. Prognostication of small-sized
primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas by histopathological and karyometric
analysis. Lung Cancer 2005;48:339–348.
226. Flieder DB. Screen-detected adenocarcinoma of the lung. Practical points
for surgical pathologists. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119(Suppl):S39–S57.
227. Akyurek N, Memis L, Ekinci O, et al. Survivin expression in preinvasive
lesions and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Virchows Arch
2006;449:164–170.
228. Nakanishi K, Kumaki F, Hiroi S, et al. Mre11 expression in atypical
adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Arch Pathol
Lab Med 2006;130:1330–1334.
229. Chiosea S, Jelezcova E, Chandran U, et al. Overexpression of Dicer
in precursor lesions of lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2007;67:
2345–3250.
230. Kerr KM, MacKenzie SJ, Ramasami S, et al. Expression of Fhit, cell adhesion
molecules and matrix metalloproteinases in atypical adenomatous
hyperplasia and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. J Pathol 2004;203:638–644.
231. Kodama T, Biyajima S, Watanabe S, et al. Morphometric study of adenocarcinomas
and hyperplastic epithelial lesions in the peripheral lung.
Am J Clin Pathol 1986;85:146–151.
232. Mori M, Chiba R, Takahashi T. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasi of
the lung and its differentiation from adenocarcinoma. Characterization
of atypical cells by morphometry and multivariate cluster analysis.
Cancer 1993;72:2331–2340.
233. Kitamura H, Kameda Y, Nakamura N, et al. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
and bronchoalveolar lung carcinoma. Analysis by morphometry
and the expressions of p53 and carcinoembryonic antigen. Am J
Surg Pathol 1996;20:553–562.
234. Kitamura H, Kameda Y, Ito T, et al. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
of the lung. Implications for the pathogenesis of peripheral lung adenocarcinoma.
Am J Clin Pathol 1999;111:610–622.
235. Nakayama H, Noguchi M, Tsuchiya R, et al. Clonal growth of atypical
adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung: cytofluorometric analysis of
nuclear DNA content. Mod Pathol 1990;3:314–320.
236. Westra WH, Baas IO, Hruban RH, et al. K-ras oncogene activation
in atypical alveolar hyperplasias of the human lung. Cancer Res
1996;56:2224–2228.
237. Yoshida Y, Shibata T, Kokubu A, et al. Mutations of the epidermal
growth factor receptor gene in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and
bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer 2005;50:1–8.
238. Kohno H, Hiroshima K, Toyozaki T, et al. p53 mutation and allelic
loss of chromosome 3p, 9p of preneoplastic lesions in patients with
nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 1999;85:341–347.
239. Yamasaki M, Takeshima Y, Fujii S, et al. Correlation between genetic
alterations and histopathological subtypes in bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma
and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung. Pathol Int
2000;50:778–785.
240. Anami Y, Matsuno Y, Yamada T, et al. A case of double primary adenocarcinoma
of the lung with multiple atypical adenomatous hyperplasia.
Pathol Int 1998;48:634–640.
241. Takamochi K, Ogura T, Suzuki K, et al. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes
9q and 16p in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia concomitant
with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Am J Pathol 2001;159:1941–1948.
242. Ullmann R, Bongiovanni M, Halbwedl I, et al. Is high-grade adenomatous
hyperplasia an early bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma? J Pathol
2003;201:371–376.
243. Akata S, Fukushima A, Kakizaki D, et al. CT scanning of bronchioloalveolar
carcinoma: specific appearances. Lung Cancer 1995;12:
221–230.
244. Rolen KA, Fulton JP, Tamura DJ, et al. Bronchoalveolar carcinoma is
linked to cigarette smoking: a case-control study from Rhode Island.
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:674.
245. Paez JG, Janne PA, Lee JC, et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer:
correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science
2004;304:1497–1500.
246. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, et al. Activating mutations in the
epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of
non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004;350:
2129–2139.
247. Swensen SJ, Jett JR, Sloan JA, et al. Screening for lung cancer with
low-dose spiral computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
2002;165:508–513.
248. Wislez M, Massiani MA, Milleron B, et al. Clinical characteristics
of pneumonic-type adenocarcinoma of the lung. Chest 2003;123:
1868–1877.
249. Kakinuma R, Ohmatsu H, Kaneko M, et al. Progression of focal pure
ground-glass opacity detected by low-dose helical computed tomography
screening for lung cancer. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2004;28:
17–23.
250. Gaeta M, Caruso R, Barone M, et al. Ground-glass attenuation in nodular
bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: CT patterns and prognostic value.
J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998;22:215–219.
251. Malassez L. Examen histologique d’un cas de cancer encephaloide du
poumon (epithelioma). Arch Physiol Norm Pathol 1876;3:353.
252. Low FN. The pulmonary alveolar epithelium of laboratory mammals
and man. Anat Rec 1953;117:241–263.
253. Delarue NC, Graham EA. Alveolar cell carcinoma of the lung (pulmonary
adenomatosis, Jagziekte?) a multicentric tumor of epithelial
origin. J Thorac Surg 1949;18:237–251.
254. Cowdry EV. Studies on the etiology of Jagziekte: origin of the epithelial
proliferations and subsequent changes. J Exp Med 1925;42:335.
255. Bonne C. Morphological resembalance of pulmonary adenomatosis
(jaagseikte in she and certain cases of cancer of the lung in man). Am J
Cancer 1939;35:491–501.
256. Yousem SA, Finkelstein SD, Swalsky PA, et al. Absence of jaagsiekte
sheep retrovirus DNA and RNA in bronchioloalveolar and conventional
human pulmonary adenocarcinoma by PCR and RT-PCR analysis.
Hum Pathol 2001;32:1039–1042.
257. Liebow AA. Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma. Adv Intern Med 1960;10:
329–358.
258. Shimosato Y, Suzuki A, Hashimoto T, et al. Prognostic implications of
fibrotic focus (scar) in small peripheral lung cancers. Am J Surg Pathol
1980;4:365–373.
259. Noguchi M, Morikawa A, Kawasaki M, et al. Small adenocarcinoma
of the lung. Histologic characteristics and prognosis. Cancer
1995;75:2844–2852.
260. Suzuki K, Yokose T, Yoshida J, et al. Prognostic significance of the
size of central fibrosis in peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung. Ann
Thorac Surg 2000;69:893–897.
261. Maeshima AM, Niki T, Maeshima A, et al. Modified scar grade: a
prognostic indicator in small peripheral lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer
2002;95:2546–2554.
262. Clayton F. Bronchioloalveolar carcinomas. Cell types, patterns of
growth, and prognostic correlates. Cancer 1986;57:1555–1564.
263. Tao LC, Weisbrod GL, Pearson FG, et al. Cytologic diagnosis of
bronchioloalveolar carcinoma by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Cancer
1986;57:1565–1570.
264. Auger M, Katz RL, Johnston DA. Differentiating cytological features
of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma from adenocarcinoma of the
lung in fine-needle aspirations: a statistical analysis of 27 cases. Diagn
Cytopathol 1997;16:253–257.
265. Morishita Y, Fukasawa M, Takeuchi M, et al. Small-sized adenocarcinoma
of the lung. Cytologic characteristics and clinical behavior.
Cancer 2001;93:124–131.
266. Elson CE, Moore SP, Johnston WW. Morphologic and immunocytochemical
studies of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma at Duke University
Medical Center, 1968–1986. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1989;11:
261–274.
267. MacDonald LL, Yazdi HM. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of bronchioloalveolar
carcinoma. Cancer 2001;93:29–34.
268. Edwards SL, Roberts C, McKean ME, et al. Preoperative histological
classification of primary lung cancer: accuracy of diagnosis and use of
the non-small cell category. J Clin Pathol 2000;53:537–540.
269. Kitamura H, Kameda Y, Nakamura N, et al. Proliferative potential and
p53 overexpression in precursor and early stage lesions of bronchioloalveolar
lung carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1995;146:876–887.
270. Terasaki H, Niki T, Matsuno Y, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma with
mixed bronchioloalveolar and invasive components: clinicopathological
features, subclassification by extent of invasive foci, and
immunohistochemical characterization. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:
937–951.
271. Colby TV, Koss MN, Travis WD. Tumors of the lower respiratory tract.
In: Rosai J, ed. Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Washington, DC: Armed
Forces Institute of Pathology, 1995:65–90.
272. Takizawa T, Terashima M, Koike T, et al. Lymph node metastasis in
small peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
1998;116:276–280.
273. Stenbygaard LE, Sorensen JB, Olsen JE. Metastatic pattern in adenocarcinoma
of the lung. An autopsy study from a cohort of 137 consecutive
patients with complete resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;110:
1130–1135.
274. Madri JA, Carter D. Scar cancers of the lung: origin and significance.
Hum Pathol 1984;15:625–631.
275. el-Torkey M, Giltman LI, Dabbous M. Collagens in scar carcinoma of
the lung. Am J Pathol 1985;121:322–326.
276. Barsky SH, Huang SJ, Bhuta S. The extracellular matrix of pulmonary
scar carcinomas is suggestive of a desmoplastic origin. Am J Pathol
1986;124:412–419.
277. Franklin WA. The pathology and pathogenesis of peripheral lung adenocarcinoma.
Lung Cancer , 3rd Ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,
2008:121–143.
278. Silver SA, Askin FB. True papillary carcinoma of the lung: a distinct
clinicopathologic entity. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:43–51.
279. Miyoshi T, Satoh Y, Okumura S, et al. Early-stage lung adenocarcinomas
with a micropapillary pattern, a distinct pathologic marker for a
significantly poor prognosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:101–109.
280. Motoi N, Szoke J, Riely GJ, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma: modification
of the 2004 WHO mixed subtype to include the major histologic
subtype suggests correlations between papillary and micropapillary
adenocarcinoma subtypes, EGFR mutations and gene expression analysis.
Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:810–827.
281. Goldstein NS, Mani A, Chmielewski G, et al. Prognostic factors in T1
NO MO adenocarcinomas and bronchioloalveolar carcinomas of the
lung. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;112:391–402.
282. Yokose T, Suzuki K, Nagai K, et al. Favorable and unfavorable morphological
prognostic factors in peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung
3 cm or less in diameter. Lung Cancer 2000;29:179–188.
283. Warburton D, Zhao J, Berberich MA, et al. Molecular embryology
of the lung: then, now, and in the future. Am J Physiol 1999;276:
L697–L704.
284. Mendelson CR. Role of transcription factors in fetal lung development
and surfactant protein gene expression. Annu Rev Physiol 2000;62:
875–915.
285. Yatabe Y, Mitsudomi T, Takahashi T. TTF-1 expression in pulmonary
adenocarcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:767–773.
286. Kendall J, Liu Q, Bakleh A, et al. Oncogenic cooperation and coamplification
of developmental transcription factor genes in lung cancer.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:16663–16668.
287. Weir BA, Woo MS, Getz G, et al. Characterizing the cancer genome in
lung adenocarcinoma. Nature 2007;450:893–898.
288. Perner S, Wagner P, Soltermann A, et al. TTF1 expression in non-small
cell lung carcinoma: association with TTF1 gene amplification and improved
survival. J Pathol 2009;217:65–72.
289. Tot T. The value of cytokeratins 20 and 7 in discriminating metastatic
adenocarcinomas from pleural mesotheliomas. Cancer 2001;92:
2727–2732.
290. Mazziotta RM, Borczuk AC, Powell CA, et al. CDX2 immunostaining
as a gastrointestinal marker: expression in lung carcinomas is a potential
pitfall. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2005;13:55–60.
291. Tan J, Sidhu G, Greco MA, et al. Villin, cytokeratin 7, and cytokeratin
20 expression in pulmonary adenocarcinoma with ultrastructural evidence
of microvilli with rootlets. Hum Pathol 1998;29:390–396.
292. Rubin BP, Skarin AT, Pisick E, et al. Use of cytokeratins 7 and 20 in determining
the origin of metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary, with
special emphasis on lung cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2001;10:77–82.
293. Saad RS, Cho P, Silverman JF, et al. Usefulness of Cdx2 in separating mucinous
bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma of the lung from metastatic mucinous
colorectal adenocarcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2004;122:421–427.
294. Rossi G, Marchioni A, Romagnani E, et al. Primary lung cancer presenting
with gastrointestinal tract involvement: clinicopathologic and
immunohistochemical features in a series of 18 consecutive cases.
J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:115–120.
295. Kummar S, Fogarasi M, Canova A, et al. Cytokeratin 7 and 20 staining
for the diagnosis of lung and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer
2002;86:1884–1887.
296. Linnoila RI, Mulshine JL, Steinberg SM, et al. Expression of surfactant-
associated protein in non-small-cell lung cancer: a discriminant
between biologic subsets. Monogr Natl Cancer Inst 1992;(13):61–66.
297. Bejarano PA, Baughman RP, Biddinger PW, et al. Surfactant proteins
and thyroid transcription factor-1 in pulmonary and breast carcinomas.
Mod Pathol 1996;9:445–452.
298. Khoor A, Whitsett JA, Stahlman MT, et al. Utility of surfactant
protein B precursor and thyroid transcription factor 1 in differentiating
adenocarcinoma of the lung from malignant mesothelioma. Hum
Pathol 1999;30:695–700.
299. Takezawa C, Takahashi H, Fujishima T, et al. Assessment of differentiation
in adenocarcinoma cells from pleural effusion by peripheral airway
cell markers and their diagnostic values. Lung Cancer 2002;38:273–281.
300. Kaufmann O, Dietel M. Thyroid transcription factor-1 is the superior
immunohistochemical marker for pulmonary adenocarcinomas
and large cell carcinomas compared to surfactant proteins A and B.
Histopathology 2000;36:8–16.
301. Uzaslan E, Stuempel T, Ebsen M, et al. Surfactant protein A detection
in primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma without bronchioloalveolar
pattern. Respiration 2005;72:249–253.
302. Inamura K, Satoh Y, Okumura S, et al. Pulmonary adenocarcinomas
with enteric differentiation: histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics
compared with metastatic colorectal cancers and usual pulmonary
adenocarcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:660–665.
303. Braidotti P, Cigala C, Graziani D, et al. Surfactant protein A expression
in human normal and neoplastic breast epithelium. Am J Clin Pathol
2001;116:721–728.
304. McCoy MS, Toole JJ, Cunningham JM, et al. Characterization of a
human colon/lung carcinoma oncogene. Nature 1983;302:79–81.
305. McCoy MS, Bargmann CI, Weinberg RA. Human colon carcinoma
Ki-ras2 oncogene and its corresponding proto-oncogene. Mol Cell Biol
1984;4:1577–1582.
306. Rodenhuis S, Slebos RJ, Boot AJ, et al. Incidence and possible clinical
significance of K-ras oncogene activation in adenocarcinoma of the
human lung. Cancer Res 1988;48:5738–5741.
307. Slebos RJ, Kibbelaar RE, Dalesio O, et al. K-ras oncogene activation
as a prognostic marker in adenocarcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med
1990;323:561–565.
308. Mitsudomi T, Steinberg SM, Oie HK, et al. Ras gene mutations in
non-small cell lung cancers are associated with shortened survival irrespective
of treatment intent. Cancer Res 1991;51:4999–5002.
309. Rosell R, Li S, Skacel Z, et al. Prognostic impact of mutated K-ras gene
in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncogene
1993;8:2407–2412.
310. Keohavong P, DeMichele MA, Melacrinos AC, et al. Detection of K-ras
mutations in lung carcinomas: relationship to prognosis. Clin Cancer
Res 1996;2:411–418.
311. Cooper CA, Carby FA, Bubb VJ, et al. The pattern of K-ras mutation
in pulmonary adenocarcinoma defines a new pathway of tumour development
in the human lung. J Pathol 1997;181:401–404.
312. Cho JY, Kim JH, Lee YH, et al. Correlation between K-ras gene mutation
and prognosis of patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma.
Cancer 1997;79:462–467.
313. Siegfried JM, Gillespie AT, Mera R, et al. Prognostic value of specific
KRAS mutations in lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 1997;6:841–847.
314. Nemunaitis J, Klemow S, Tong A, et al. Prognostic value of K-ras mutations,
ras oncoprotein, and c-erb B-2 oncoprotein expression in adenocarcinoma
of the lung. Am J Clin Oncol 1998;21:155–160.
315. Nelson HH, Christiani DC, Mark EJ, et al. Implications and prognostic
value of K-ras mutation for early-stage lung cancer in women. J Natl
Cancer Inst 1991;91:2032–2038.
316. Holst VA, Finkelstein S, Yousem SA. Bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma
of lung: monoclonal origin for multifocal disease. Am J Surg
Pathol 1998;22:1343–1350.
317. Aviel-Ronen S, Blackhall FH, Shepherd FA, et al. K-ras mutations in nonsmall-
cell lung carcinoma: a review. Clin Lung Cancer 2006;8:30–38.
318. Slebos RJ, Hruban RH, Dalesio O, et al. Relationship between K-ras
oncogene activation and smoking in adenocarcinoma of the human
lung. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991;83:1024–1027.
319. Ahrendt S A, Decker PA, Alawi EA, et al. Cigarette smoking is strongly
associated with mutation of the K-ras gene in patients with primary
adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer 2001;92:1525–1530.
320. Le Calvez F, Mukeria A, Hunt JD, et al. TP53 and KRAS mutation
load and types in lung cancers in relation to tobacco smoke: distinct
patterns in never, former, and current smokers. Cancer Res 2005;65:
5076–5083.
321. Kwiatkowski DJ, Harpole DH Jr, Godleski J, et al. Molecular pathologic
substaging in 244 stage I non-small-cell lung cancer patients:
clinical implications. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2468–2477.
322. Mitsudomi T, Hamajima N, Ogawa M, et al. Prognostic significance
of p53 alterations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a metaanalysis.
Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:4055–4063.
323. Koga T, Hashimoto S, Sugio K, et al. Clinicopathological and molecular
evidence indicating the independence of bronchioloalveolar components
from other subtypes of human peripheral lung adenocarcinoma.
Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:1730–1738.
324. Fukuyama Y, Mitsudomi T, Sugio K, et al. K-ras and p53 mutations
are an independent unfavourable prognostic indicator in patients with
non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1997;75:1125–1130.
325. Jackman DM, Yeap BY, Sequist LV, et al. Exon 19 deletion mutations
of epidermal growth factor receptor are associated with prolonged survival
in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib or
erlotinib. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:3908–3914.
326. van Zandwijk N, Mathy A, Boerrigter L, et al. EGFR and KRAS mutations
as criteria for treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: retroand
prospective observations in non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol
2007;18:99–103.
327. Kosaka T, Yatabe Y, Endoh H, et al. Analysis of epidermal growth factor
receptor gene mutation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and
acquired resistance to gefitinib. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:5764–5769.
328. Balak MN, Gong Y, Riely GJ, et al. Novel D761Y and common secondary
T790M mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant
lung adenocarcinomas with acquired resistance to kinase inhibitors.
Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6494–6501.
329. Engelman JA, Zejnullahu K, Mitsudomi T, et al. MET amplification
leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling.
Science 2007;316:1039–1043.
330. Bean J, Brennan C, Shih JY, et al. MET amplification occurs with or
without T790M mutations in EGFR mutant lung tumors with acquired
resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2007;104:20932–20937.
331. Matsumoto S, Iwakawa R, Kohno T, et al. Frequent EGFR mutations
in noninvasive bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Int J Cancer
2006;118:2498–2504.
332. Yatabe Y, Kosaka T, Takahashi T, et al. EGFR mutation is specific
for terminal respiratory unit type adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol
2005;29:633–639.
333. Spicer J, Ashworth A. LKB1 kinase: master and commander of metabolism
and polarity. Curr Biol 2004;14:R383-R385.
334. Jenne DE, Reimann H, Nezu J, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is caused
by mutations in a novel serine threonine kinase. Nat Genet 1998;
18:38–43.
335. Hemminki A, Markie D, Tomlinson I, et al. A serine/threonine kinase
gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Nature 1998;391:
184–187.
336. Sanchez-Cespedes M, Parrella P, Esteller M, et al. Inactivation of LKB1/
STK11 is a common event in adenocarcinomas of the lung. Cancer Res
2002;62:3659–3662.
337. Matsumoto S, Iwakawa R, Takahashi K, et al. Prevalence and specificity
of LKB1 genetic alterations in lung cancers. Oncogene 2007;26:
5911–5198.
338. Ding L, Getz G, Wheeler DA, et al. Somatic mutations affect key pathways
in lung adenocarcinoma. Nature 2008;455:1069–1075.
339. Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, et al. Identification of the transforming
EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature
2007;448:561–566.
340. Takeuchi K, Choi YL, Soda M, et al. Multiplex reverse transcription-
PCR screening for EML4-ALK fusion transcripts. Clin Cancer Res
2008;14:6618–6624.
341. Gandara DR, West H, Chansky K, et al. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma:
a model for investigating the biology of epidermal growth factor receptor
inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:4205S–4209S.
342. Miller VA, Riely GJ, Zakowski MF, et al. Molecular characteristics
of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, bronchioloalveolar
carcinoma subtype, predict response to erlotinib. J Clin Oncol
2008;26:1472–1478.
343. Tsao MS, Sakurada A, Cutz JC, et al. Erlotinib in lung cancer—
molecular and clinical predictors of outcome. N Engl J Med 2005;353:
133–144.
344. Hirsch FR, Varella-Garcia M, Cappuzzo F, et al. Combination of
EGFR gene copy number and protein expression predicts outcome
for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib.
Ann Oncol 2007;18:752–760.
345. Hirsch FR, Varella-Garcia M, Bunn PA Jr, et al. Epidermal growth
factor receptor in non-small-cell lung carcinomas: correlation between
gene copy number and protein expression and impact on prognosis.
J Clin Oncol 2003;21:3798–3807.
346. Li AR, Chitale D, Riely GJ, et al. EGFR mutations in lung adenocarcinomas:
clinical testing experience and relationship to EGFR gene
copy number and immunohistochemical expression. J Mol Diagn
2008;10:242–248.
347. Cappuzzo F, Hirsch FR, Rossi E, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor
gene and protein and gefitinib sensitivity in non-small-cell lung
cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:643–655.
348. Zhu CQ, da Cunha Santos G, Ding K, et al. Role of KRAS and
EGFR as biomarkers of response to erlotinib in National Cancer
Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study BR.21. J Clin Oncol
2008;26:4268–4275.
349. Kitamura H, Kameda Y, Nakamura N, et al. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
and bronchoalveolar lung carcinoma. Analysis by morphometry
and the expressions of p53 and carcinoembryonic antigen. Am J
Surg Pathol 1996;20:553–562.
350. Yatabe Y, Masuda A, Koshikawa T, et al. p27KIP1 in human lung cancers:
differential changes in small cell and non-small cell carcinomas.
Cancer Res 1998;58:1042–1047.
351. Niki T, Kohno T, Iba S, et al. Frequent co-localization of Cox-2 and
laminin-5 gamma2 chain at the invasive front of early-stage lung adenocarcinomas.
Am J Pathol 2002;160:1129–1141.
352. Puglisi F, Aprile G, Bruckbauer M, et al. Combined analysis of MIB-1
and thyroid transcription factor-1 predicts survival in non-small cell
lung carcinomas. Cancer Lett 2001;162:97–103.
353. Golub TR, Slonim DK, Tamayo P, et al. Molecular classification of cancer:
class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring.
Science 1999;286:531–537.
354. Fujiwara T, Tanaka N, Kanazawa S, et al. Multicenter phase I study
of repeated intratumoral delivery of adenoviral p53 in patients
with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:
1689–1699.
355. Garnis C, Lockwood WW, Vucic E, et al. High resolution analysis of
non-small cell lung cancer cell lines by whole genome tiling path array
CGH. Int J Cancer 2006;118:1556–1564.
356. Kodama T, Shimosato Y, Koide T, et al. Endobronchial polypoid adenocarcinoma
of the lung. Histological and ultrastructural studies of
five cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1984;8:845–854.
357. Cugell DW, Kamp DW. Asbestos and the pleura: a review. Chest
2004;125:1103–1117.
358. Baas P. Predictive and prognostic factors in malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Curr Opin Oncol 2003;15:127–130.
359. Hillerdal, G. Malignant mesothelioma 1982: review of 4710 published
cases. Br J Dis Chest 1983;77:321–343.
360. Yates DH, Corrin B, Stidolph PN, et al. Malignant mesothelioma in
south east England: clinicopathological experience of 272 cases. Thorax
1997;52:507–512.
361. Murray M. Departmental Committee for Compensation of Industrial
Disease. HMSO. 7. London, UK.
362. Wagner JC, Sleggs CA, Marchand P. Diffuse pleural mesothelioma and
asbestos exposure in the North Western Cape Province. Br J Ind Med
1960;17:260–271.
363. McDonald JC, McDonald AD. The epidemiology of mesothelioma in
historical context. Eur Respir J 1996;9:1932–1942.
364. Roggli VL, Sanders LL. Asbestos content of lung tissue and carcinoma
of the lung: a clinicopathologic correlation and mineral fiber analysis of
234 cases. Ann Occup Hyg 2000;44:109–117.
365. Roggli VL, Pratt PC, Brody AR. Asbestos fiber type in malignant mesothelioma:
an analytical scanning electron microscopic study of 94
cases. Am J Ind Med 1993;23:605–614.
366. Epler GR, McLoud TC, Gaensler EA. Prevalence and incidence of
benign asbestos pleural effusion in a working population. JAMA
1982;247:617–622.
367. Price B. Analysis of current trends in United States mesothelioma incidence.
Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:211–218.
368. Kielkowski D, Nelson G, Rees D. Risk of mesothelioma from exposure
to crocidolite asbestos: a 1995 update of a South African mortality
study. Occup Environ Med 2000;57:563–567.
369. Berry G, Newhouse ML, Wagner JC. Mortality from all cancers of
asbestos factory workers in east London 1933–80. Occup Environ Med
2000;57:782–785.
370. Boutin C, Schlesser M, Frenay C, et al. Malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Eur Respir J 1998;12:972–981.
371. Cantin R, Al-Jabi M, McCaughey WT. Desmoplastic diffuse mesothelioma.
Am J Surg Pathol 1982;6:215–222.
372. Kobzik L, Antman KH, Warhol MJ. The distinction of mesothelioma
from adenocarcinoma in malignant effusions by electron microscopy.
Acta Cytol 1985;29:219–225.
373. Ordonez NG. The immunohistochemical diagnosis of mesothelioma:
a comparative study of epithelioid mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma.
Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:1031–1051.
374. Schacht V, Dadras SS, Johnson LA, et al. Up-regulation of the lymphatic
marker podoplanin, a mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein,
in human squamous cell carcinomas and germ cell tumors. Am J Pathol
2005;166:913–921.
375. Chu AY, Litzky LA, Pasha TL, et al. Utility of D2-40, a novel mesothelial
marker, in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Mod Pathol
2005;18:105–110.
376. Kimura N, Kimura I. Podoplanin as a marker for mesothelioma. Pathol
Int 2005;55:83–86.
377. Ordonez NG. D2-40 and podoplanin are highly specific and sensitive
immunohistochemical markers of epithelioid malignant mesothelioma.
Hum Pathol 2005;36:372–380.
378. Ordonez NG. The diagnostic utility of immunohistochemistry in distinguishing
between epithelioid mesotheliomas and squamous carcinomas
of the lung: a comparative study. Mod Pathol 2006;19:417–428.
379. Ordonez NG. What are the current best immunohistochemical markers
for the diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma? A review and update.
Hum Pathol 2007;38:1–16.
380. Mimura T, Ito A, Sakuma T, et al. Novel marker D2-40, combined
with calretinin, CEA, and TTF-1: an optimal set of immunodiagnostic
markers for pleural mesothelioma. Cancer 2007;109:933–938.
381. Marchevsky AM, Wick MR. Evidence-based guidelines for the utilization
of immunostains in diagnostic pathology: pulmonary adenocarcinoma
versus mesothelioma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol
2007;15:140–144.
382. Hirano H, Maeda H, Sawabata N, et al. Desmoplastic malignant mesothelioma:
two cases and a literature review. Med Electron Microsc
2003;36:173–178.
383. Singhal S, Wiewrodt R, Malden LD, et al. Gene expression profiling of
malignant mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:3080–3097.
384. Pass HI, Liu Z, Wali A, et al. Gene expression profiles predict survival
and progression of pleural mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res
2004;10:849–859.
385. Gordon GJ, Rockwell GN, Jensen RV, et al. Identification of novel
candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressors in malignant pleural
mesothelioma using large-scale transcriptional profiling. Am J Pathol
2005;166:1827–1840.
386. Holloway AJ, Diyagama DS, Opeskin K, et al. A molecular diagnostic
test for distinguishing lung adenocarcinoma from malignant mesothelioma
using cells collected from pleural effusions. Clin Cancer Res
2006;12:5129–5135.
387. Lopez-Rios F, Chuai S, Flores R, et al. Global gene expression profiling
of pleural mesotheliomas: overexpression of aurora kinases and
P16/CDKN2A deletion as prognostic factors and critical evaluation
of microarray-based prognostic prediction. Cancer Res 2006;66:
2970–2979.
388. Mossman BT, Gruenert DC. SV40, growth factors, and mesothelioma:
another piece of the puzzle. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002;26:
167–170.
389. Cortese JF, Gowda AL, Wali A, et al. Common EGFR mutations
conferring sensitivity to gefitinib in lung adenocarcinoma are not
prevalent in human malignant mesothelioma. Int J Cancer 2006;118:
521–522.
390. Ramos-Nino ME, Blumen SR, Sabo-Attwood T, et al. HGF mediates
cell proliferation of human mesothelioma cells through a
PI3K/MEK5/Fra-1 pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008;38:
209–217.
391. Graziani I, Eliasz S, De Marco MA, et al. Opposite effects of Notch-1
and Notch-2 on mesothelioma cell survival under hypoxia are exerted
through the Akt pathway. Cancer Res 2008;68:9678–9685.
392. Ivanov SV, Miller J, Lucito R, et al. Genomic events associated
with progression of pleural malignant mesothelioma. Int J Cancer
2009;124:589–599.
393. Gazdar AF, Butel JS, Carbone M. SV40 and human tumours: myth,
association or causality? Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:957–964.
394. Goldstraw P, Crowley J, Chansky K, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer
Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the TNM stage groupings
in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM Classification of
malignant tumours. J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:706–714.
395. Groome PA, Bolejack V, Crowley JJ, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer
Staging Project: validation of the proposals for revision of the T, N,
and M descriptors and consequent stage groupings in the forthcoming
(seventh) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumours.
J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:694–705.
396. Postmus PE, Brambilla E, Chansky K, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer
Staging Project: proposals for revision of the M descriptors in the forthcoming
(seventh) edition of the TNM classification of lung cancer.
J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:686–693.
397. Rusch VW, Crowley J, Giroux DJ, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer
Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the
forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer.
J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:603–612.
398. Rami-Porta R, Ball D, Crowley J, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer
Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the T descriptors in the
forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification for lung
cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:593–602.
399. Mulligan CR, Meram AD, Proctor CD, et al. Lung cancer staging: a
case for a new T definition. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:220–226.
400. Butnor KJ, Cooper K. Visceral pleural invasion in lung cancer: recognizing
histologic parameters that impact staging and prognosis. Adv
Anat Pathol 2005;12:1–6.
401. Flieder DB. Commonly encountered difficulties in pathologic staging
of lung cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007;131:1016–1026.
402. Shimizu K, Yoshida J, Nagai K, et al. Visceral pleural invasion classification
in non-small cell lung cancer: a proposal on the basis of outcome
assessment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127:1574–1578.
403. Taube JM, Askin FB, Brock MV, et al. Impact of elastic staining on the
staging of peripheral lung cancers. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:953–956.
404. Gu CD, Osaki T, Oyama T, et al. Detection of micrometastatic tumor
cells in pN0 lymph nodes of patients with completely resected nonsmall
cell lung cancer: impact on recurrence and survival. Ann Surg
2002;235:133–139.
405. Passlick, B. Micrometastases in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Lung Cancer 2001;34(Suppl 3):S25–S29.
406. Osaki T, Oyama T, Gu CD, et al. Prognostic impact of micrometastatic
tumor cells in the lymph nodes and bone marrow of patients with
completely resected stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol
2002;20:2930–2936.
407. Kubuschok B, Passlick B, Izbicki JR, et al. Disseminated tumor cells in
lymph nodes as a determinant for survival in surgically resected nonsmall-
cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:19–24.
408. Junker K. Histopathologic evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes in
lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2004;45(Suppl 2):S79–S83.
409. Maeda J, Inoue M, Okumura M, et al. Detection of occult tumor cells in
lymph nodes from non-small cell lung cancer patients using reverse transcription-
polymerase chain reaction for carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA
with the evaluation of its sensitivity. Lung Cancer 2006;52:235–240.
410. Wang XT, Sienel W, Eggeling S, et al. Detection of disseminated tumor
cells in mediastinoscopic lymph node biopsies and lymphadenectomy
specimens of patients with NSCLC by quantitative RT-PCR. Eur J
Cardiothorac Surg 2005;28:26–32.
411. Xi L, Coello MC, Litle VR, et al. A combination of molecular markers
accurately detects lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer
patients. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:2484–2491.
412. Little AG. Sentinel node biopsy for staging lung cancer. Surg Clin
North Am 2002;82:561–571, vii.
413. Liptay, MJ, Masters GA, Winchester DJ, et al. Intraoperative radioisotope
sentinel lymph node mapping in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann
Thorac Surg 2000;70:384–389; discussion 389–390.
414. Minamiya Y, Ogawa J. The current status of sentinel lymph node
mapping in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
2005;11:67–72.
415. Minamiya Y, Ito M, Katayose Y, et al. Intraoperative sentinel lymph
node mapping using a new sterilizable magnetometer in patients with
nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81:327–330.
416. Schirren J, Bergmann T, Beqiri S, et al. Lymphatic spread in resectable
lung cancer: can we trust in a sentinel lymph node? Thorac Cardiovasc
Surg 2006;54:373–380.
417. Pieterman RM, van Putten JW, Meuzelaar JJ, et al. Preoperative staging
of non-small-cell lung cancer with positron-emission tomography.
N Engl J Med 2000;343:254–261.
418. Lardinois D, Weder W, Hany TF, et al. Staging of non-small-cell lung
cancer with integrated positron-emission tomography and computed
tomography. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2500–2507.
419. Ung YC, Maziak DE, Vanderveen JA, et al. 18Fluorodeoxyglucose positron
emission tomography in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer:
a systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1753–1767.
420. Gephardt GN, Baker PB. Lung carcinoma surgical pathology report adequacy:
a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of over 8300
cases from 464 institutions. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996;120:922–927.
421. Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology.
Recommendations for the reporting of resected primary lung carcinomas.
Am J Clin Pathol 1995;104:371–374.

0 komentar:

Posting Komentar

 
 
Copyright © Mesothelioma.Asbestos.Lawyers