Race, on lung cancer incidence, 4–5, 4t, 5t
RAD001 (everolimus), 741
plus erlotinib, 742
plus gefitinib, 741
plus radiotherapy on cell cycle, 194t,
197
Rad51, downregulation of, 769
Radiation
cell cycle checkpoints after, 189, 191f
cell damage and killing from, 569
cell survival curves in, 569–571
on DNA, 189
ionizing, on cell cycle signaling, 189–191,
190f, 191f
low–linear energy transfer, 570
physical–biological interactions of, 569,
570f
targeted agents plus, 767–772
( See also Targeted agents plus
radiotherapy)
Radiation biology, 569
Radiation effects
injury classification by time after
treatment in, 886–887, 886t,
887f, 888t
pulmonary, 252f, 253
Radiation fibrosis, 605–606
Radiation pneumonitis, 603–604, 603f. See
also Radiotherapy-related lung
damage
sporadic, 606–607
Radiation-sensitivity testing, 626–629
circulating biomarkers in, 627
genetic testing of susceptibility by SNP
analysis in, 626–627
inflammatory cytokines in, 628–629
radiosensitivity of ex vivo lung fibroblasts
in, 627
transforming growth factor-_ in,
627–628, 628f
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA),
for NSCLC. See also
Percutaneous image-guided
ablation
clinical results of, 512–513
complications after, 516–519, 519t
imaging features after, 514–517,
515f–518f
mechanism of, 510
pacemaker devices and, 518–519
plus radiotherapy, clinical results of, 514
technique of, 511–512, 511f
Radiology screening, 217–219
Radiosensitizers. See also specific agents
concurrent, for CNS metastases, 916–917,
917t
Prevention (continued )
INDEX 1003
Radiotherapy. See also specific types and
cancers
accelerated, 573–574
adjuvant ( See Adjuvant radiotherapy;
Chemoradiotherapy, concurrent)
biological basis of timing of, 574–575, 575f
cell cycle targets for, 189–197
cell cycle alterations in lung cancer and,
192–193, 192t
cell cycle signaling response to ionizing
radiation in, 189–191, 190f,
191f
in combined treatment, 194–197
CDK modulators in, 194–195, 194t
potential targets in, 194, 194t
principles of, 194
in chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage
SCLC, volume and dose of,
874–876, 875f
continuous hyperfractionated accelerated
RT (CHART), 559
cranial irradiation in, prophylactic
( See Cranial irradiation,
prophylactic)
dose and fractionation in, 558–560 ( See
also Dose and fractionation,
radiotherapy)
dose fractionation in, 569–574
cell survival curves in, 569–571, 571f
four Rs in
overview, 571, 571t
redistribution, 571t, 572
reoxygenation, 571t, 572–573
repair, 571–572, 571t
repopulation, 571t, 572
in hyperfractionated and accelerated
radiotherapy, 573–574
physical–biological interactions in, 569,
570f
four Rs of, 571–573
hyperfractionated, 573
image-guided, 563
as individualized therapy, 549
for malignant mesothelioma, 952
neoadjuvant, for locally advanced
thymomas, 937
normal-tissue dose constraints in, 561–562
palliative thoracic radiation in, 560–561
radiofrequency ablation with, for
NSCLC, 514
respiratory-gated, for stage IIIA/IIIB lung
cancer, 584, 584f
sequencing of, 574–575, 575f
short, hypofractionated, for metastatic
spinal cord compression, 922
for spinal cord compression, metastatic,
921–922
stereotactic body, 563
treatment delivery in
linear accelerator in, 562–563, 562f
quality assurance in, 563
treatment planning in, 555–558
beam arrangements/aids and 3D CRT,
555–557, 556f
dose calculation and tissue
heterogeneity correction, 558
intensity-modulated radiation therapy,
557, 557f
tumor cell repopulation after, 575
use of, 549
vascular targets for, 197–200
ceramide signaling pathway, 200
eicosanoid signaling pathway, 199–200
lysophospholipid signaling pathway, 200
principles of, 197
VEGF inhibitors, 197–199, 198t
volume delineation in, imaging for,
549–555
determining treatment volumes in
clinical target volume, 551–552
definitions in, 551
gross tumor volume, 551
lymphatic spread and, 551
planning target volume, 552, 552f,
553f
immobilization in, 549–550
motion considerations in, 554–555
PET scan on target delineation in,
552–554, 554f
preparation in, 549
simulation in, 550–551, 550f
whole-brain, for CNS metastases, 912,
912t
postoperative or post-SRS, 915–916,
916t
repeat, 916
Radiotherapy, for stage IIIA/IIIB lung
cancer, 579–585
planning and delivery to increase
therapeutic ratio in, 583–585
adaptive radiotherapy, 585
background, 583–584
improved radiation dose calculation,
584
intensity-modulated radiotherapy,
584–585
minimizing chemoradiotherapy
toxicity, 584
respiratory-gated radiotherapy, 584, 584f
scope of problem in, 579
target definition in, 581–583
clinical target volume around primary
tumor, 582
clinical target volume margins around
nodal disease, 582
GTV for primary lung tumor, 581, 582t
history of, 581
individualized planning target
volumes and motion
management, 582
involved-field nodal radiotherapy, 581,
582f, 582t
treatment strategies in, 579–581
adjuvant, for completely resected stage
III NSCLC, 580–581
poor performance status patients, 581
primary treatment, 580
staging subsets of stage III NSCLC,
579
systemic agent choice, concurrent, 580
tumor and patient characteristics,
579–580
Radiotherapy, postoperative, for thymoma
and thymic carcinoma,
936–937
Radiotherapy, preoperative, for early-stage
and locally advanced NSCLC.
See Chemotherapy/radiation,
preoperative, for early-stage
and locally advanced NSCLC
Radiotherapy-related lung damage, 601–633
biological basis of, 608–613
background, 608, 608f, 608t
genetic regulation, 612–613
molecular and tissue responses,
608–612
cytokines, 609
diffusion and soluble mediators, 609
inflammatory cytokines, 609
intercellular adhesion molecular-1,
611–612
KL-6, 611
damage vs. morbidity in, 601–602
incidence of, 601
pathogenesis of
endothelial cells, 607
target cell concept in, 607
type II cells, 607
pathophysiology of, 602–607
acute phase in, 603f, 604, 605f
histopathological abnormalities in, 602t
intermediate phase in, 603f, 604–605
latent phase in, 603–604, 603f
late phase in, 603f, 605–606
radiation pneumonitis in, 603–604,
603f
radiation pneumonitis, sporadic,
606–607
physical basis of, 613–622
dose–volume relationships in patients,
618
assessing regional lung function, CT
density, 618, 618f
assessing regional lung function,
FDG-PET, 619, 619f
assessing regional lung function,
SPECT, 619
quantification of, 619–621, 620f,
621f
fractionation, 613–615, 614f, 615f
irradiated lung volume, 615
volume effect and spatial heterogeneity,
615–618, 616f–618f
1004 INDEX
risk prediction of, 622–629
literature reports of dosimetric, clinical,
and biologic factors in, 624,
624t–625t
mathematical modeling of, 622–624,
623f, 624t–625t
radiation-sensitivity testing in, 626–629
circulating biomarkers, 627
genetic testing of susceptibility by
analysis of SNPs, 626–627
inflammatory cytokines, 628–629
radiosensitivity of ex vivo lung
fibroblasts, 627
transforming growth factor-_, 627–628,
628f
risk reduction and treatment
personalization in, 629–633
antioxidants in, 632
basic fibroblast growth factor in,
631–632
biological interventions in, 630
cellular pathway inhibition in, 631
cytokines in, 631
focal scarring and collagen formation
prevention in, 632–633
gene therapy in, 630–631
interferon _ in, 632
reducing lung dose and volume in,
629–630, 630f
stem cells in, 631
tumor necrosis factor _, 631
Radon
gender and lung cancer from, 356
lung cancer from, 10, 12t, 38–39
Raf, 743–744
Raf kinase, 743–744
Raf/MEKERK pathway, 744
Raltitrexed, for malignant mesothelioma,
953–954
Random errors, 552
Ranpirnase, for malignant mesothelioma, 955
Rapamycin, 741
Rapamycin plus radiotherapy, on cell cycle,
194t, 196–197
Rapeseed oil, lung cancer from, 9, 30
RARB gene deregulation, 84
RARB hypermethylation, 106
RAS family genes, 85
ras mutations, 63f, 64
RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK/MYC pathway,
63f, 64
RASSF1 gene deregulation, 82–83
RASSF1 hypermethylation, 106
RASSF1 methylation, 155
RB1 gene, 81
Rb, in molecular prognostication, 148
Reactive stroma, fibroblasts in, 172
Rearranged during transfection (RET), 739,
744
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), 64, 739,
740f
Recessive oncogenes. See Tumor suppressor
genes (TSGs)
Redistribution, in radiotherapy, 571t, 572
Regional lung function assessment, in
radiotherapy-related lung
damage
CT density, 618, 618f
FDG-PET, 619, 619f
SPECT, 619
Regulatory genes. See also specific genes
abnormal genetics and expression of, 147
( See also Molecular
prognostication)
Relapse
in NSCLC, after resection, 777, 778t
in SCLC, salvage surgery for, 524–525
Renal conditions, in SCLC, 346t, 348
Reoxygenation, in radiotherapy, 571t,
572–573
Repair
DNA ( See DNA repair)
in radiotherapy, 571–572, 571t
Repopulation, tumor cell
accelerated, 574
after chemotherapy, 575
biology of
after chemotherapy, 575–576
after radiotherapy, 575
in radiotherapy, 571t, 572
Required participation rate, 234
Resection, 426. See also Surgery; specific
cancers and surgical procedures
adjuvant chemotherapy plus
for malignant mesothelioma, 952–953
for NSCLC stage II, 479
for NSCLC stage III, 580
for SCLC, 525–526, 525t, 526t
limited, 459–463 ( See also Limited
resection)
vs. lobectomy, 218
for Pancoast tumors, 487
for NSCLC, relapse after, 777, 778t
for NSCLC stage II
chest wall, 477–478
extent of, 476–477
segmental, 477
sleeve, 477, 478f
wedge, 477
for SCLC, plus chemotherapy, 525–526,
525t, 526t
sublobar
historical background on, 509
vs. lobectomy, 463–464, 464t
local recurrence after, 509
plus intraoperative brachytherapy, for
inoperable lung cancer,
509–510, 510f
vertebral body, 491–497 ( See also
Vertebral body resection)
Resection extent, for stage I cancer,
459–464
adjuvant brachytherapy for, 463
current clinical trials on, 463–464, 464t
historical background on, 459
limited resection in, as compromise,
459–461
intentional, 460–461
studies on, 459–460, 460t
limited resection in, considerations in
cell type, 462
intralobar satellite tumors, 461–462
nodal metastases, 462
surgical margins, 462–463
tumor location, 461
tumor size, 461
Resection extent, for stage II NSCLC,
476–477
Residual air space, postoperative, 539–540
Resistance, chemotherapy. See also specific
agents and cancers
biomarkers for, 688
in cancer stem cells, 166–167
to EGFR -targeted therapies, 731–732
in lung cancer, 166
single gene platinum, biomarkers for,
684–688 ( See also under
Biomarkers)
Respiratory-gated radiotherapy, for stage
IIIA/IIIB lung cancer, 584,
584f
Retinoblastoma (RB1) gene, 81
Retinoblastoma, lung cancer risk with, 50
cis -Retinoic acid, as chemoprevention,
216–217, 278–279, 279t
Retinoids, as chemoprevention, 216–217,
278–279, 279t
Retinol, as chemoprevention, 13
Retinopathy, cancer-associated, in SCLC,
348
Rigid bronchoscopy
for airway interventions, 894
for airway problems, 896, 896f
RIP-Tag mouse model, 114
Risk assessment. See also specific cancers and
surgeries
operative, 531–532, 532t
Risk factors, 171, 214. See also
Epidemiology; specific cancers
and treatments; specific risk
factors
biologic, 48
inflammation, 171
Risk stratification, and lung cancer
susceptibility, 276–277
RNA-based markers
in blood, 267
in sputum, 269
Rofecoxib, plus radiotherapy, 198t
RRM1, 684–685, 684f–686f, 687t, 787
rTNM, 437
Radiotherapy-related lung damage
(continued )
INDEX 1005
S
Salivary gland-type neoplasms, fine-needle
aspiration cytology of, 249–250
Salt and pepper chromatin, 298
Salvage surgery, for treatment failure or
relapse with SCLC, 524–525
Sarcomatoid carcinomas, molecular and
cellular pathology of, 297
Sarcomatous elements, 297
Scar carcinoma, 305
Schwannomas, posterior mediastinal,
968–969
Sclerosing agents, for pleurodesis for
malignant pleural effusion,
905–906, 905t
Sclerosing hemangioma, 246, 248
SC-236, plus radiotherapy, 198t, 199–200
Screening, lung cancer, 225–230, 777–778
CT, 217–218, 226–227, 777–778
diagnostic and prognostic performance
of, 229, 230t
guidelines for, 228–229
low-dose, 233–239 ( See also Computed
tomography [CT] screening,
low-dose)
curability gain and mortality reduction
with, 227–228
guidelines for, 228–229
population-based, 214
radiology in, 217–219
rationale for, 225
research on
in CT era, 226–227
in 1970s, 225–226
slower growing cancers in, 227
stage I diagnoses from, 225
SDF-1, 117
SDF-1/chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), in
metastasis, 167–168
Secondhand smoke. See Environmental
tobacco smoke (ETS)
Second-line chemotherapy. See also
Chemotherapy, for NSCLC,
recurrent/refractory; specific
therapies
on survival and quality of life, 669–671,
670t, 671f
Second primary lung cancer surgical
management, 499–503
for multiple primary lung cancers, 499
for synchronous pulmonary tumors,
499–503 ( See also Synchronous
pulmonary tumors)
Segmental resection, for NSCLC stage II,
477
Segmentectomy
historical background on, 509
vs. lobectomy
JCOG0802 trial on, 464, 464t
for small-sized lung cancer with GGO,
471
Segregation analyses, of smoking-related
lung cancers, 51
SELDI, for early detection, 140–141
SELDI-TOF-MS
for early detection, 140–141
for prognosis classification, 143
Selenium, as chemoprevention, 217
SEMA3B gene deregulation, 83
SEMA3F gene deregulation, 83
Seminomas, mediastinal, 964–965
Serial structures, 592
Serum proteomics. See also Proteomics
for anti-EGFR therapy response, 732
Setup margin (SM), 552
Sex. See Gender-related differences
Shotgun analyses, proteomic, for
biomarkers, 138–139, 139f
Side population cells, 165
Signaling pathways, 62–65, 63f. See also
specific pathways
growth inhibitory, 65
growth stimulatory, 60t, 62–65, 63f, 63fg
epidermal growth factor receptor
signaling, 62–64, 63f
PI3K/AKT pathway, 63f, 64
RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK/MYC
pathway, 63f, 64
Hedgehog (HH), Wnt, and Notch, 66, 68f
Signal transducing agents, 739–745. See
also EGFR inhibitors, patient
selection for; specific agents
proliferative and antiapoptotic cytoplasmic
nonreceptor tyrosine kinases,
743–746
aurora kinases, 745
Bcr-Abl, 745
MEK, 744
Raf kinase, 743–744
Src, 745
proliferative receptor tyrosine kinases,
739–743
Akt inhibitors, 743
c-Kit, 739, 744
c-Met, 64, 86, 739, 743–744
Flt-3, 739, 744
IGF receptor, 739–740
IGFR/PI3-kinase pathway, 739
motor inhibitors plus other agents,
741–743
mTOR, 194t, 196–197, 740–741
PKC inhibitors, 743
RET, 739, 744
Silica and silicon, lung cancer from, 14,
39–40
Silicosis, on lung cancer incidence, 14
Single-exposure, dual-energy digital chest
radiography, for NSCLC, 370
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 62
genetic testing of radiation pneumonitis
susceptibility by, 626–627
in individualized chemotherapy, 689
Single photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT),
for assessing regional lung
function, 619
SK11, 65
Skeletal metastases, surgical management
of, 505
SKI-606 (bosutinib), 745
Sleeve resection, for NSCLC stage II, 477,
478f
Slower-growing cancers , 227
Small bowel metastases, 505
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), 243,
518. See also specific stages,
treatments, and other topics
cell of origin in, 301–302
classification of, 59
clinical examination of, 344–345
clinical presentation of, 341–348
paraneoplastic syndromes in, 345–348
( See also Paraneoplastic
syndromes, in SCLC)
symptoms and signs in, initial, 341–344
general systemic, 341–342
local, 342–343
overview, 342, 343t
regional metastasis, 343–344
systemic metastasis, 344
distinct features of, 883
epidemiology of, 521
fine-needle aspiration cytology of,
248–249, 248f
genetic alterations in, 59, 60t–61t
incidence of, 867
molecular alterations patterns in, 241
molecular and cellular pathology of,
297–299, 298f
CDKN2A (p16) in, 299
cell cycle genes in, 299
cytology in, 298, 298f
diagnostic immunohistochemistry in,
298–299, 298f
gene expression profiles in, 299
histology in, 298, 298f
history of, 297–298
molecular pathology in, 295t, 299
TP53 in, 299
research on, 867
staging of, 867–868
staging of, pathological, 311, 312t, 313t
surgical management of, 521–527 ( See
also Surgical management, of
SCLC)
Small molecule kinase inhibitors, 703–709.
See also specific agents
axitinib (AG-013736), 704t, 708–709
cediranib, 198, 198t, 704t, 707, 770,
955
fundamentals of, 708
motesanib, 708
pazopanib, 709
1006 INDEX
sorafenib, 703–705, 704t, 744, 857t, 858
sunitinib, 198, 198t, 704t, 706–707, 955
vandetanib, 128, 704t, 705–706, 744
plus chemotherapy for recurrent/
refractory NSCLC, 680–681
plus docetaxel, 744
plus radiotherapy, 198, 198t, 769–770,
770f
for SCLC, 857t, 858
XL647, 709
Smoke-free laws, 213
Smoker’s cough, in NSCLC, 327–328
Smoking. See also Epidemiology; Tobacco
adolescent, 212
cigar
lung cancer from, 7
smoke content in, 7
cigarette ( See also Epidemiology; Tobacco)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
from, 15
EGFR mutations in NSCLC and,
726–727
emphysema from, 14–15
lung cancer from, 47–48, 179, 211
on lung cancer mortality, 25, 25f–27f
per capita trends of, 25, 25f
quitting ( See Smoking cessation)
squamous cell carcinoma from, 241
tobacco consumption via, 24–25, 25f
lung cancer from, 47–48
on lung cancer incidence
relative risk in, 29, 29f
risk factors in, 28
world trends of, 24–29, 26f, 29f, 30f
pipe
lung cancer from, 7
smoke content in, 7
prevalence of, 212
Smoking cessation, 211–214, 777
antismoking media campaigns for, 213
comprehensive tobacco control program
outcomes and, 214
excise taxes on, 213
improving rates of, 213
on lung cancer, 211
on lung cancer incidence, 7, 25, 27f–28f
on lung cancer mortality, 214
obstacles to, 212
population-based screening and, 214
in primary disease prevention, 211–214
recommendations for initiatives of, 212,
212t
risk reversal after, 25, 26f
smoke-free laws and, 213
youth access laws and, 212
Snout, 304
Socioeconomic status, on lung cancer
incidence, 5, 6t
Solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN)
imaging of, for NSCLC, 373–378
calcification in, 376, 376f
contrast enhancement in, 376–377
contrast wash-in and wash-out in,
combined, 376–377
CT in, 377–378
follow-up guidelines for, Fleischner
Society, 374, 375t
growing, nonmalignant, 374–375
key points in, 373
major issues in, 377
morphologic features in, 370f, 374f,
375–376, 375f
MRI in, 377
percutaneous biopsy in, 377
PET in, 377
scanning intervals in, 373–374
stability in, 373–375, 374f
surgical management of, for SCLC, 522t,
523–524, 523t, 524f
Sorafenib (BAY43-90006), 703–705, 744,
857t, 858
combination therapy, 704–705
overview, 703, 704t
single-agent, 703–704
Soybean oil, lung cancer from, 9
Spatial heterogeneity, in radiotherapyrelated
lung damage, 615–618,
616f–618f
Spectral karyotyping (SKY), 75–76, 76f,
78, 78f
S phase, 572
Sphingolipids, 200
Sphingomyelinases, 200
Spillage
high-dose, 593
intermediate-dose, 593
Spinal cord compression, metastatic
(MSCC), 920–923
clinical presentation, diagnosis, and
prognosis with, 920–921
corticosteroids for, 921
incidence of, 920
pathophysiology of, 920
radiotherapy for, 921–922
studies of treatment of, 923, 923t
surgery for, 922–923
Spinal cord metastases
intramedullary, 923–924
management of ( See Central nervous
system metastases,
management of )
Spirometry, preoperative, 533
Sporadic radiation pneumonitis, 606–607
Sputum
in central bronchi tumors, cytology of,
288, 288f
for early detection
cytology of, 269
DNA-based markers in, 269
DNA methylation by MSP in, 269
postoperative retention of, 535
Squamous carcinoma
histology of, 292–293, 292t, 293f
invasive, diagnostic immunohistochemistry
of, 294–295, 294t
molecular pathology of, 295–296, 295t
vs. SCLC, 293
Squamous cell carcinoma
of bronchus, invasive, histopathology of,
291–292, 291t
classification of, 241
fine-needle aspiration cytology of,
241–243, 242f
cytology and nuclear: cytoplasmic ratios
in, 242, 242f
differential diagnosis from, 243
histological sections in, 242–243, 242f
immunohistochemistry in, 243
non–small cell islet vs. small cell, 243
variants in, 243
localization of, 257
world trends in, 30, 30f, 31f
Squamous cell histology, bevacizumab and,
702
Squamous dysplasia histology, 288–292
angiogenic squamous dysplasia in, 289,
289f
chronological cellular changes in, 289,
289f
immunohistochemical changes in
bronchial dysplasia in, 289–290
in invasive squamous carcinoma of bronchus,
291–292, 291t
preneoplasia genetics in, 290–291, 290f,
291f
technical advances in, 288–289
WHO classification of, 289, 289f
SRC proto-oncogene, 745
SRL172, for SCLC, 855t, 856
Staging. See also specific cancers and techniques
IASLC lung cancer staging project on ( See
also IASLC lung cancer staging
project)
imaging in
in NSCLC, 378
PET, 407–409, 408f–410f, 408t
integration of invasive techniques for, 431t,
432
intraoperative surgical, 433
mediastinal tissue ( See also Mediastinum
evaluation, surgical)
algorithm for confirmation of, 430,
431t
need for, 430–431, 431t
need for, lack of, 427f, 430, 431t
molecular, 313
of NSCLC
pathological, 311, 312t, 313t
subsets in, stage III, 579
of NSCLC stage II ( See under Non–small
cell lung cancer [NSCLC],
stage II)
Small molecule kinase inhibitors (continued )
INDEX 1007
pathological, 426
vs. clinical, 311, 313t
of NSCLC, 311, 312t, 313t
of SCLC, 311, 312t, 313t
pathology in, 311, 312t, 313t
prognostic value of, 147
of SCLC, 867–868
pathological, 311, 312t, 313t
staging of, 867–868
in TNM system ( See TNM Classification
of Malignant Tumours )
Standardized uptake value (SUV), of
FDG-PET, 553
Statins
as antiangiogenic agents, 695
as chemoprevention, 216
Staurosporine, plus radiotherapy on cell
cycle, 194t, 195
Stem cells
bronchioloalveolar, in murine lung
tumorigenesis, 165
cell surface markers for, 163–164, 164t
normal lung, identifying, 165
in NSCLC, 165
for radiotherapy risk reduction, 631
Stem cell self-renewal pathways, 66, 67t
Stents, airway, 893–899
definition and types of, 893
historical overview of, 893–895, 894f
indications for, 895–896
metal, 894f, 895
early, 894f, 895
next generation, 894f, 895, 895f
for palliation, 898–899
placement of, 896, 896f ( See also Ablational
therapies, endoscopic)
silicone, 894–895, 894f, 895f
Stereotactic, 589
Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), 563,
589–597
advantages of, 589
biological aspects of
normal tissue biology and tolerance, 592
tumor biology, 591–592
clinical experience with, 594–597
overview, 594
with stage I NSCLC
in inoperable, 594–597, 595f, 596t
in operable, 597
definitions and nomenclature in, 590–591
development of, 589–590
fiducials in, 589
mechanisms of, 589
motion issues in, 591
physics and dosimetry of, 592–594, 594f
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), 590,
913–915, 914t
Stereotaxy, 589
Sternotomy, median, 965
Steroid hormone pathways, gender on,
356–357
Stiff-man syndrome, in SCLC, 347
STK11 (LKB1), 65, 308
Stridor, in NSCLC, 330
Stroke, after radiofrequency ablation, 518
Stroma, tumor, in angiogenesis, 118–119
SU11248 (sunitinib), 704t, 706–707
for malignant mesothelioma, 955
plus radiotherapy, 198, 198t
Subclavian vessel involvement, surgery for,
with Pancoast tumors, 487
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA),
for malignant mesothelioma,
955
Sublobar resection
historical background on, 509
vs. lobectomy, CALGB trial on, 463–464,
464t
local recurrence after, 509
plus intraoperative brachytherapy, for
medically inoperable lung
cancer, 509–510, 510f
Subunit vaccine, 753
SUMO-2, 143
Sunitinib, 704t, 706–707
for malignant mesothelioma, 955
plus radiotherapy, 198, 198t
Superior sulcus tumors, 479. See also
Pancoast tumors
in NSCLC, MRI for evaluation of, 394,
395f
Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome, in
NSCLC, 330–331
Superoxide dismutase (McSOD), for radiotherapy
risk reduction, 631
Superposition/convolution (SC) dose
calculation, 558
SU6668, plus radiotherapy, 198, 198t
Surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization
(SELDI), 140
Surgery alone
for early-stage and locally advanced
NSCLC, 807–809, 808t
for limited-stage SCLC, 868–869
survival analysis after, 791
Surgical complications, 531–544. See also
specific procedures
background on, 531
intraoperative, 533–534
operative risk assessment in, 531–532,
532t
postoperative
airway, 535–537
bronchopleural fistula, 535–537, 536f
lobar torsion, 535
postpneumonectomy syndrome, 537
sputum retention, 535
cardiovascular, 541–544
cardiac arrhythmias, 542–543, 542t
cardiac herniation, 543–544
cardiac ischemia, 541–542
general considerations, 541
general considerations, 535
parenchymal, 537–539
postoperative pneumonia, 537–539
postresection pulmonary edema, 537,
538f
pleural space, 539–541
chylothorax, 540–541
postresection empyema, 540
residual air space and prolonged air
leaks, 539–540
preoperative spirometry and, 533
risk stratification in, 532–533
Surgical management. See also specific cancers
and types
issues in, 218–219
limited resection vs. lobectomy, 218
of metastatic lung cancer, 503–505
adrenal, 504–505
brain, 503–504, 503t
skeletal, 505
small bowel, 505
minimally invasive
results of, 218–219
video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy
in, 455–458 ( See also Videoassisted
thoracic surgery [VATS]
lobectomy)
for second primary lung cancer, 499–503
multiple primary lung cancers, 499
synchronous pulmonary tumors,
499–503 ( See also Synchronous
pulmonary tumors)
video-assisted thoracic surgery, 218
Surgical management, of NSCLC stage II,
475–479
adjuvant chemotherapy with, 479
approach in, 475–476
bilobectomy in, 477
chest wall resections in, 477–478
extent of resection in, 476–477
follow-up of, 478–479
future advances in, 488
lobectomy in, 477
mediastinal lymph node dissection in,
478–479
open thoracotomy in, 476
pneumonectomy in, 477
sleeve resections in, 477, 478f
video-assisted thoracic surgery in, 476
wedges or segmental resection in, 477
Surgical management, of SCLC, 521–527
historical background on, 521–523, 522f,
522t
induction chemotherapy plus resection in,
525–526, 525t, 526t
for mixed histology tumors, 524
randomized trials on, 526–527
salvage surgery for initial treatment failure
or relapse in, 524–525
for solitary pulmonary nodule, 522t,
523–524, 523t, 524f
1008 INDEX
Survival. See also specific cancers and
treatments
cell curves for, after radiotherapy, 569–571,
571f
conventional fractionated, 591
stereotactic body, 592
with early detection, 257
estrogen and estrogen receptors on, 358
molecular prognostication and,
147–150 ( See also Molecular
prognostication)
for NSCLC, 165
with early-stage disease, 799, 800t
with induction therapy, for stage IIIA/
IIIB, 804, 805t
with metastases, 838, 838t
with prophylactic cranial irradiation for
brain/CNS metastases, 838,
838t
for SCLC, with chemotherapy, 847
second-line chemotherapy on, 669–671,
670t, 671f
Survival analysis, 228
after surgery alone, 791
Susceptibility
gender on, 355–356, 355f
genetic ( See Genetic susceptibility)
risk stratification and, 276–277
SV40, malignant mesothelioma from,
945–946
Synchronous pulmonary tumors
diagnostic criteria for, 499, 500t
evaluation and surgical management of,
499–503
endobronchial lesions in, 501
metachronous tumors in, 501–502,
502t
nodal recurrence in, 503
with one primary carcinoma and one
benign lesion, 500–501
pleural/chest wall in, 503
with primary lung carcinomas, 499
with primary lung carcinoma with
intrapulmonary metastasis,
499–500
prognosis in, 503
with residual/contralateral lung, 502
incidence of, 499, 500t, 501t
Synchronous, solitary brain metastases from
NSCLC, 917–920
anticonvulsants for, 920
with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis,
918–919, 919t
neurocognitive decline etiology in,
919–920
research on, 917–918, 918t
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
hormone (SIADH)
in NSCLC, 335
in SCLC, 346–347
Systematic errors, 552
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