Tadpole cells, 294
Tai, 688
TAMs. See Microenvironment
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), 136,
137f
Target cell concept, 607
Target cell hypothesis, 569
Targeted agents (therapy). See also specific
agents
for EGFR in EGFR-mutant cancers,
727–728, 727t
resistance mechanisms in, 731–732
gender-related differences in, on
prognosis with advanced
disease, 363–364, 364t
histone deacetylase inhibitors, 66, 67t,
95, 107
molecular, 576, 833–834, 833t
for NSCLC
advanced, with chemotherapy, 656–661
( See also under Chemotherapy,
for NSCLC, advanced)
completely resected, in adjuvant
chemotherapy, 785–786
recurrent/refractory, plus chemotherapy,
680
oncogenic pathways and, 66, 67t
Targeted agents plus radiotherapy, 767–772.
See also specific agents
clinical trials of, in NSCLC, 771–772
preclinical studies of, with molecularly
targeted agents, 767–771
angiogenic inhibitors in NSCLC,
769–770, 770f
EGFR inhibitors, 767–769, 768f
targeted agent combinations in
NSCLC, 770–771, 771f
Targeted quantitative analysis, proteomic,
for biomarkers, 139
Target volume. See specific types
Tar, on lung cancer risk, 7
Taxanes
plus radiotherapy on cell cycle, 194t,
195–196
proteins associated with resistance to, 143
Taxes, excise, 213
T cells
in angiogenesis, 118
tumor-reactive, 174
Telomerase GV 1001, 755t, 756t, 760
Telomerase HR2822, 755t, 756t, 760
Telomeres, 61t, 62
Temozolomide, for CNS metastases, 917
Temsirolimus (CCI779), 576, 741
plus radiotherapy on cell cycle, 194t, 197
for SCLC, 856–857, 856t
Teniposide, for advanced NSCLC,
646–647, 647t
Teratomas, benign mediastinal, 964, 964f
T-factor, 407, 408, 408t
Thalidomide
on angiogenesis, 175
SCLC, 857, 857t
Thoracentesis, for malignant pleural effusion
diagnostic, 903–904, 903t
serial, 904
Thoracic irradiation
with adjuvant chemotherapy, for limitedstage
SCLC, 869
for limited-stage SCLC, 869
palliative, 560–561
Thoracoscopy, for staging, 429, 430t
Thoracotomy
open, for NSCLC stage II, 476
vs. VATS lobectomy, 457–458, 457t
3D CRT
beam arrangements/aids in, 555–557, 556f
planning target volume with, 556
Thrombocytosis
in NSCLC, 336
in SCLC, 348
Thrombospondin-1, 122
Thymectomy, for thymoma and thymic
carcinoma, 935
Thymic carcinoma. See Thymoma and
thymic carcinoma
Thymidylate synthase (TS), as predictor for
chemotherapy, 689–690
Thymoma and thymic carcinoma, 929–939
clinical features of, 931–934
diagnostic evaluation in, 932–933
paraneoplastic syndromes in, 931–932,
931t, 932t
presentation in, 931
staging in, 933–934, 933t, 934t
etiology and pathogenesis of, 929
incidence of, 928
pathology of, 930–931, 930t
prognostic factors in, 934–935, 934f, 935f
treatment of
adjuvant radiation therapy after surgery
after incomplete resections, 936–937
with locally advanced thymomas, 937
for thymic carcinoma, 936
for thymoma, 936
with advanced disease, 937–939
chemotherapy regimens in, 937–938,
937t
for paraneoplastic syndromes, 939
recommended algorithm for, 939,
939f
salvage therapy in, 938–939
in thymic carcinoma, 938
with clinical localized disease, 935–936
Thymosin beta4, 143
Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TITF1), 52,
64–65, 86
Tie receptors, 121–122
Time-corrected biologically effective dose
(tBERD), 559
Time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer, 136f
INDEX 1009
Timing. See also specific therapies
of cranial irradiation, prophylactic, 575
of locoregional and systemic therapy, for
CNS metastases in NSCLC, 839
of radiotherapy
biological basis of, 574–575, 575f
chest, 574–575, 575f
Tissue heterogeneity correction, dose
calculation and, 558
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
(TIMPs), 154–155
Tissue shotgun proteomics, 138–139, 139f
Tissue staging, mediastinal. See also
Mediastinum evaluation,
surgical
algorithm for confirmation of, 430, 431t
need for, 430–431, 431t
need for, lack of, 427f, 430, 431t
T lymphocytes, 171
TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours,
147, 437
history of, 439–440
TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours,
7th ed., 447–450
additional changes in, 447–448
clinical implications of, 449
future of, 449–450
history of, 447 ( See also IASLC staging
project)
proposals for testing in, 448–449
stage groupings in, 443, 444f, 445f, 446t,
447t
TNM system, 437–438, 437–443
administration of, 438
aims of, 438
definitions in, 437
future of, 449–450
history of, 439–440
need for change in, 440–441
for NSCLC stage II, 473
for SCLC, 867
Tobacco and tobacco smoke. See also
Cigarette smoking; Smoking
carcinogens in, 7
diseases from, 23
history of, 23
on life expectancy, 23
lung cancer from, 6–7, 62
Tobacco control. See also Smoking cessation
on lung cancer incidence, 25, 26f, 31, 31f
outcomes of, 214
Tobacco epidemic, 23–31
cigarette smoking in, 24–28, 25f–28f
relative risk in, 29, 29f
risk factors in, 28
world trends of, 24–29, 26f, 29f, 30f
in current vs. former smokers, 25, 27f–28f
diseases in, 23
global incidence of, 23, 24f
histologic variability in, 29–31, 30f
history of, 23
stages of, 23–24, 24f
tobacco control on, 25, 26f, 31, 31f
world trends of, 24–28, 26f
Tobacco smoke inhalation, genetic
susceptibility and, 47–48
Tocopherols, as chemoprevention, 217
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) antagonists, plus
chemotherapy, for advanced
NSCLC, 658t, 659
Topoisomerase I inhibitors, for limited-stage
SCLC, 876
Topotecan
for recurrent/refractory NSCLC, 674
for SCLC, 847, 848t
TP53 mutations, 62, 81
in invasive adenocarcinoma, 308
in small cell lung carcinoma, 299
in squamous carcinoma, 295, 295t
Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA),
for staging, 429–430, 430t
Transcervical mediastinal lymphadenectomy,
for staging, 429, 430t
Transcriptase catalytic subunit antigen
vaccine, 755t, 756t, 760
Transcriptional profiling, 690
Transformation, 59
Transforming growth factor-_ (TGF-_), 124
for radiation sensitivity risk prediction,
627–628, 628f
in radiotherapy-related lung damage,
609–610, 609f
for radiotherapy risk reduction, 630–631
Transgenic mice, in genetic mouse models of
lung cancer, 183–184, 184t
“Trap door” incision, 965
Tregs, 171
Tripe palms
in NSCLC, 336, 336t
in SCLC, 348
Trousseau syndrome
in NSCLC, 336
in SCLC, 348
Trx-1, 125t, 126
TUBBIII, 688
Tuberculosis, on lung cancer incidence, 14
Tubulins, 688
Tumor-acquired DNA methylation, 61t
Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs), 172
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs),
118, 172–173
Tumor biology. See also specific cancers
stereotactic body radiation therapy and,
591–592
Tumor cell kill models, radiotherapy,
591–592. See also Cell killing
Tumor growth factor-_1 (TGF-_1), in
radiotherapy-related lung
damage, 610
Tumor hypoxia, 115
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), in
malignant mesothelioma, 947
Tumorlets, 300
Tumor markers. See Biomarkers
Tumor necrosis factor-_ (TNF-_)
for radiation sensitivity risk prediction,
629
in radiotherapy-related lung damage,
610–611
for radiotherapy risk reduction, 631
Tumor perfusion, 115
Tumor-reactive T cells, 174
Tumor stroma, in angiogenesis, 118–119
Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), 52, 65,
79–84
alterations by, 60t, 62
chromosome 3p, 65
G1/S transition checkpoint deregulation
by, 81–84, 83f, 84f
inactivation of, 81
loss of, 276
in malignant mesothelioma, 946–947
TP53 gene, 81
Tumstatin, 119, 122
Two-dimensional electrophoresis, for
prognostication, 155
Tylosis, in SCLC, 348
Type II cells, in radiotherapy-related lung
damage, 607
Type II pneumocytes, vs. malignancy, 253
Typical carcinoids, fine-needle aspiration
cytology of, 246, 247f
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). See also
Erlotinib; Gefitinib; specific
agents
research on, 715
for SCLC, 854–855, 855f
Tyrosine kinase, in VEGF receptors, 703
Tyrosine kinase receptors, 84–85
U
Ubiquitin-proteosome pathway, 856
UCN-01, plus radiotherapy on cell cycle,
194t, 195
Ultraflex stents, 894f, 895, 895f
Union Internationale Contre le Cancer
(UICC), 437
Upper airway cells, exfoliated, for early
detection, 271
Uracil-tegafur (UFT)
in completely resected NSCLC, 783–784
proteins in resistance to, 143–144
Urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis,
NF-kB activation in, 180
V
Vaccines, lung cancer, 753–763. See also
specific vaccines
allogeneic tumor, 753
approaches to, 754t
autologous tumor cell, 753
bystander, 753
1010 INDEX
cellular, 754
dendritic cell, 753
gene-modified tumor vaccines, 753
NSCLC cellular, 754–757
B7.1, 755t, 756t, 757
demographics for, 755t
GVAX, 754–757, 755t, 756t
L523S, 755t, 756t, 757
Lucanix, 754, 755t, 756t
recent trials on, 756t
NSCLC subunit, 757–762
_(1,3)-galactosyltransferase, 755t, 756t,
760
cyclophilin B, 755t, 756t, 760–761
dendritic cell, 755t, 756t, 760
dexosomes, 755t, 756t, 760
EP2101, 758
epidermal growth factor, 755t, 756t,
758–759
L-BLP-25 liposomal, 755t, 756t,
757–758
MAGE-3, 755t, 756t, 759–760
transcriptase catalytic subunit antigen,
755t, 756t, 760
SCLC
BEC2, 761t, 762
fucosyl GM-1, 761, 761t
p53, 761t, 762
polySA, 761t, 762
WT1, 762
subunit vaccine, 753
success of, 754
Valatinib (PTK787/ZK222584)
for malignant mesothelioma, 955
plus radiotherapy, 198t, 199, 770
Vandetanib (ZD6474), 128, 704t, 705–706,
744
plus chemotherapy for recurrent/
refractory NSCLC, 680–681
plus docetaxel, 744
plus radiotherapy, 198, 198t, 769–770,
770f
for SCLC, 857t, 858
Vascular basement membrane, in
angiogenesis, 119
Vascular conditions. See also specific
conditions
in NSCLC, 334t, 336–337
Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, 121
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),
119–120, 120f, 125t, 197,
786
agents targeting, 698, 698f
in angiogenesis, 695, 696–698, 697f
in molecular prognostication, 149
mRNA levels of, 125, 125t
as prognostic marker, 124–125
in radiotherapy-related lung damage, 611
tumor expression of, as prognostic marker,
124, 125t
Vascular endothelial growth factor A
(VEGF-A), 119–120, 120f
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
inhibitors
plus chemotherapy
for advanced NSCLC, 659–661, 659t,
660f
for recurrent/refractory NSCLC,
680–681
plus radiotherapy, 197–199, 198t
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
(VEGFR)
angiogenicity of, 171
mRNA levels of, in lung cancer, 125, 125t
tyrosine kinase in, 703
Vascularization, enhanced, mechanisms of,
117–118. See also Vasculogenesis
Vascular targets, for radiotherapy, 197–200
ceramide signaling pathway, 200
eicosanoid signaling pathway, 199–200
lysophospholipid signaling pathway, 200
principles of, 197
VEGF inhibitors, 197–199, 198t
Vasculogenesis, 113, 116–117
Vasculogenic mimicry, 118
VATS lobectomy (VL). See Video-assisted
thoracic surgery (VATS)
lobectomy
Vegetables, as chemoprevention, 14
VEGF. See Vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF)
VEGF-C, 127
VEGFR-1, 119–121, 120f
VEGFR-2, 117, 119–121, 120f
VEGFR-3, 119–121, 120f
VEGF receptors (VEGFR), 119–121
VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine
kinase inhibitor (TKI), plus
radiotherapy, 197–199, 198t
VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors,
703–709. See also Small
molecule kinase inhibitors;
specific agents
VEGF signal transduction pathway,
119–121, 120f
angiopoietins and Tie receptors in,
121–122
VEGF family members in, 119–121, 120f,
125t
VEGF inhibition outcomes and, 122
Ventilatory complications, during lung
cancer surgery, 534
Vertebral body resection, 491–497
contraindications to, 492, 492t
patient selection and preoperative assessment
in, 491–492, 492t
postoperative complications in, 496–497,
496t
resection techniques in
chemoradiation, 493
European, 495
MD Anderson Cancer Center,
493–495, 494f–496f
radiation plus surgery, 493
therapeutic approach in, 493
Vertebrectomy, for Pancoast tumors, 487
Veterans Administration Lung Study Group
(VASLG) system, for SCLC
staging, 867
Video-assisted mediastinal
lymphadenectomy, for staging,
429, 430t
Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), 964
for NSCLC stage II, 476
results of, 218
Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
lobectomy, 455–458
benefits of, vs. thoracotomy, 457–458, 457t
definition of, 455
general approach for, 455
history of, 455
indications and contraindications for,
456, 456t
questions about, 455
safety of, 456–457
technique for
lymph node dissection in, 456
procedure in, 456, 456f
Videobronchoscopy, high-magnification, for
early detection, 260
Videomediastinoscopy, for staging, 429, 430t
Vinblastin plus cisplatin, for completely
resected NSCLC, 780–783,
780t, 783t
Vindesine, for advanced NSCLC, 646–647,
647t
Vindesine plus cisplatin, for completely
resected NSCLC, 780–783,
780t, 783t
Vinflunine-docetaxel, for recurrent/
refractory NSCLC, 674
Vinorelbine
for advanced NSCLC, 646–647, 647t, 648t
plus cisplatin, in completely resected
NSCLC, 780–783, 780t, 783t
for SCLC, 847, 848t
Vinyl chloride (VC), lung cancer from, 9,
12t, 40
Virtual bronchoscopy, 266
Vitamin A, as chemoprevention, 216–217
Vitamin B 12 , as chemoprevention, 278,
279t
Vitamin E, as chemoprevention, 217
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), in
exhaled breath, for early
detection, 269–271, 270f
Volume determination, in radiotherapy
clinical target volume, 551–552
definitions in, 551
gross tumor volume, 551
lymphatic spread and, 551
planning target volume, 552, 552f, 553f
Vaccines, lung cancer (continued )
INDEX 1011
Volume effect, in radiotherapy-related
lung damage, 615–618,
616f–618f
von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor
gene, 744
von Recklinghausen disease, 968–969
VX-680, plus radiotherapy on cell cycle, 194t,
196
W
Wallstent, 894f, 895
Wedge resection
historical background on, 509
for NSCLC stage II, 477
Wegener granulomatosis, pulmonary, 252
Wheezing, in NSCLC, 329
WHO classification
of lung cancer, 314t–315t
of squamous dysplasia histology, 289,
289f
Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT), for
CNS metastases, 912, 912t
postoperative or post-SRS, 915–916, 916t
repeat, 916
Wilms’ tumor gene (WT1), 762
Withers’ formula, 570–571
Wnt signaling pathway, 66, 68f
Women. See also Gender-related differences
lung cancer in, 3–4, 4f
smoking in, 5–6, 6–7
WT1, 762
in malignant mesothelioma, 947
WT1 vaccine, 762
X
XL-281, 744
XL647, 709
XL-880, 744
Y
ycTNM, 437
Youth access laws, 212
ypTNM, 437
Z
ZD6474. See Vandetanib (ZD6474)
ZD6126, plus radiotherapy, 771
ZM447439, plus radiotherapy on cell cycle,
194t, 196
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