False negative (FN)
definition of, 426
from pulmonary cytology, 250
False positive (FP)
definition of, 426
from pulmonary cytology, 251, 251f
Familial aggregation, 48–50
biologic risk factors in, 48
epidemiologic cohort studies on, 48–49
twin studies on, 50
Familial factors, gender on, 356
Fat consumption, on lung cancer incidence,
14
Fatigue
in lung cancer patients, 333
in SCLC, 346
FDG-PET, 403–404, 405t. See also Positron
emission tomography (PET)
for assessing regional lung function, 619,
619f
future technical developments in, 413
limitations of, 554
on target delineation, 552–554, 554f
Fenretine, as chemoprevention, 279, 279t
FHIT gene deregulation, 82, 83f
Fiber cells, 294
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
in angiogenesis, 695
in radiotherapy-related lung damage, 611
Fibroblasts
in lung cancer, 172
as therapeutic target, 175
Fibrosis
interstitial, 605
luminal, 606
mural, 606
radiation, 605–606
Fiducials, 589
Field cancerization, 275. See also
Carcinogenesis, lung field
Field carcinogenesis, 275
Filters, on lung cancer risk, 6–7
Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAB),
lung tumor, 241–254
in adenocarcinoma, 243–246, 244f
( See also Adenocarcinoma)
fundamentals of, 241
in neuroendocrine neoplasms, 246–249
carcinoids, 246–248 ( See also Carcinoid
tumors)
combined small cell carcinoma, 249
large cell carcinoma, 249
large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma,
249
small cell carcinoma, 248–249, 248f
in NSCLC, 377
in primary salivary gland-type neoplasms,
249–250
pulmonary cytology pitfalls and, 250–254
( See also Cytology, pulmonary)
in squamous cell carcinoma, 241–243,
242f ( See also Squamous cell
carcinoma)
Flavopiridol, plus radiotherapy on cell cycle,
194–195, 194t
Flt-3, 739, 743
FLT-PET, 413. See also Positron emission
tomography (PET)
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH),
77, 78f
lung tissue–based, for early detection, 266
for molecular changes in invasive
adenocarcinoma, 308, 308f
Fluorescence interphase cytogenetics and immunophenotyping
as tools for
the investigation of neoplasm
(FICTION), 267
Fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS),
for identifying CSCs, 163
Fluticasone, as chemoprevention, 217
18F-misonidazole, 126
Focal scarring from radiation, prevention of,
632–633
Folate, as chemoprevention, 14, 278, 279t
Fourier transform ion-cyclotron resonance
(FTICR) mass spectrometry, 137
FOXP3 _ CD4 _ T cells (Tregs), 171
Fractionation, radiotherapy. See also Dose
and fractionation, radiotherapy;
specific therapies
altered, for radiotherapy for NSCLC, 560
biological basis of, 569–574 ( See also
Radiotherapy, dose fractionation
in)
in radiotherapy-related lung damage,
613–615, 614f, 615f
Fruit, as chemoprevention, 14
Fucosyl GM-1 vaccine, 761, 761t
Fungal infections, pulmonary, 251, 251f
G
G 1 arrest, 189–190, 190f
G 2 arrest, 190, 190f
Gas chromatography–coupled mass spectrometry
(GC-MS), of VOCs
in exhaled breath, 269–270
Gefitinib. See also EGFR inhibitors, patient
selection for
biomarkers for benefits from, 144, 144f
interstitial lung disease from, 719–720
on invasive adenocarcinoma, 307
for NSCLC, 164
completely resected, 785–786
gender and, 363–364, 364t
recurrent/refractory, 676–678, 676t,
677f, 678f
plus cisplatin-etoposide and radiotherapy,
771, 771f
plus everolimus, 741
plus radiotherapy, 772
for SCLC, 854–855, 855f
992 INDEX
Gelatinase A, in molecular prognostication,
149
Gemcitabine
for advanced NSCLC, 646–647, 646t–648t
for malignant mesothelioma, 953–954
for SCLC, 847, 848t
Gemcitabine-irinotecan, for recurrent/
refractory NSCLC, 674–675,
675t
Gemcitabine-platinum agents, for malignant
mesothelioma, 953–954
Gender-related differences, 353–364
at diagnosis, 353, 354t
diet in, 356
epidemiology in, 353–355
Asian data, 355
European data, 354–355, 355f
U.S. data, 353–354, 354f
estrogen and estrogen receptors in,
357–360, 357f
aromatase in, 358–359
hormone replacement therapy in, 358
mechanisms of, 357, 357f
nongenomic estrogen signaling and
EGFR signaling pathway in,
359–360, 359f
on risk, 358
studies of, 357–358
on survival, 358
targeting of, 358
therapeutic implications of, 360
genetic/familial factors in, 356
in incidence, 3–4, 4f
occupational exposures in, 356
preexisting lung disease in, 356
progesterone receptors in, 360
on prognosis
in advanced disease, 362–364, 362t
plus chemotherapy, 362–363, 362t
with SCLC, 364
with targeted therapies, 363–364,
364t
in early-stage disease, 360–361, 360f,
361t
radon in, 356
steroid hormones in, 356–357
susceptibility in, 355–356, 355f
viral factors in, 356
Gene–environment interactions, on lung
cancer incidence, 15, 18–19
Gene expression arrays, 150–154
high-throughput
for invasive adenocarcinoma, 308
for mesothelioma, 310
lung cancer heterogeneity and, 150–152
overview and principles of, 150
prognostic accuracy of, 152–153
reproducibility of data in, 153–154
Gene expression profiles, in small cell lung
carcinoma, 299
Gene fusions, 65, 87
Gene methylation. See also DNA methylation
in molecular prognostication, 154–155
Gene-modified tumor vaccines (GMTVs),
753
Gene mutations, 47, 60t, 62. See also specific
cancers and genes
Gene polymorphisms, gender on, 356
Gene therapy
for lung cancer prevention, 219
for radiotherapy risk reduction, 630–631
Genetic alterations, 59, 60t–61t, 95. See also
specific cancers
epigenetic interactions with, 95–96, 96f
in preneoplasia, 290–291, 290f, 291f
Genetic mouse models of lung cancer,
183–186, 184t, 185f
Genetic susceptibility, 47–54
biologic risk factors in, 48
diet in, 47
environmental tobacco smoke in, 47
familial aggregation evidence in, 48–50
epidemiologic cohort studies on, 48–49
twin studies on, 50
high-risk syndromes on risk in, 50–51
linkage analysis of, 52–53, 53f
oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
in, 52
polymorphisms in, 53–54
segregation analyses and, 51
tobacco smoke inhalation and, 47–48
( See also Tobacco)
Genomic alterations, 75–88. See also specific
alterations
chromosomal structural alterations and
genomic imbalances, 77–82
copy number variations, 79, 79t
detection, 75–77, 76f
focal amplification, 82t
gains and losses in NSCLC, 80t–81t
gains and losses in SCLC, 79t
puzzling picture, 77–79
gene fusions, 65, 87
microRNAs, 66, 87–88
proto-oncogenes, 84–87 ( See also
Proto- oncogenes)
tumor suppressor genes, 79–84
( See also Tumor suppressor
genes [TSGs])
Genomic copy number variations, 79, 79t
Genomic imbalances, detection of, 76–77,
76f
Genomic instability, 62, 96f, 98
Genotyping, for individualized chemotherapy,
689
Geocultural variations, in lung cancer
incidence, 5–6
Germ cell tumors (GCTs), mediastinal, 964
G3139 (oblimersen), for SCLC, 856, 856t
Gianturco stent, 895
Glomerulonephritis, in SCLC, 348
G 2 /M arrest, 191
G2/M checkpoint, 190–191, 190f, 572
G1 phase, 572
G2 phase, 572
Granulomatous inflammation, 243
Green fluorescent protein (GFP), for tumor
identification, 182
Gross tumor volume (GTV), 551
determination of, 551
mediastinal nodal, 582, 582t
in stage III NSCLC, 581, 582t
nodal, 551
primary, 551
in stereotactic body radiotherapy, 593
Ground-glass opacities (GGO), 227
in bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, 303
definition of, 467, 468f
histopathologic features of, 467–469, 469f,
470f
historical background on, 467
intervention for BAC tumors with,
469–471
management of, 467–471
nonsolid vs. pure, 467, 468f
in NSCLC, 375, 375f
on thin-section CT in NSCLC, 370–371,
371f
GROWCAT C nodule, management of,
239, 239t
Growth factors. See also specific factors
expression of, in genetic mouse models of
lung cancer, 183
in molecular prognostication, 149
Growth inhibitory pathways, 65
tumor suppressor genes in, 79–84
( See also Tumor suppressor
genes [TSGs])
Growth stimulatory pathways, 60t, 62–65, 63f
epidermal growth factor receptor
signaling, 62–64, 63f
PI3K/AKT pathway, 63f, 64
proto-oncogenes on abnormalities of,
84–87 ( See also Proto-oncogenes)
RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK/MYC
pathway, 63f, 64
G1/S checkpoint, 190, 190f, 572
GSTM1 null genotype, gender on, 356
G1/S transition checkpoint deregulation, 81
GVAX vaccine, 754–757, 755t, 756t
GV 1001 vaccine, 755t, 756t, 760
GW786034, 709
H
Half-Fourier single-shot turbo spin echo
(HASTE), of solitary pulmonary
nodule in NSCLC, 377
Hallmarks of cancer, 59
Hamartomas, pulmonary, 246, 253
Haptotaxis, 116
HASTE, solitary pulmonary nodule in,
MRI, 377
INDEX 993
H-cadherin methylation, 154
Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, 66, 68f
Hemangioma, sclerosing, 246, 248
Hematologic syndromes
in NSCLC, 334t, 336
in SCLC, 346t, 348
Hemi-clamshell incision, 965, 966f
left, with supraclavicular extension, 965,
967f
with right neck extension, 965, 966f
Hemoptysis, in NSCLC, 328
Hemorrhage, during lung cancer surgery,
534
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), 125t,
310–311
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-c-Met
signaling, 118
HER-1/2 antibodies, plus chemotherapy, for
advanced NSCLC, 657–658,
658t
Heterogeneity, 59, 150–152
HGF/c-MET inhibitors, 743–744
HGF-Met signaling, 125t, 126, 742
HIF-1, 122, 125t
High-dose spillage, 593
High-magnification videobronchoscopy, for
early detection, 260
High throughout profiling, 138, 138f
High-throughput gene expression arrays
for invasive adenocarcinoma, 308
for mesothelioma, 310
High-throughput technologies
for invasive adenocarcinoma, 308
for squamous carcinoma, 296
Hilar and mediastinal lymph node evaluation
CT, 383–390
in clinical T1N0M0 patients, 391
criteria for lymph node metastasis
detection, 383–385, 385f
distant metastases, 390–391, 391f
hilar metastases (N1 disease), 380f,
385–386, 385f, 386f
mediastinal metastases (N2/N3 disease),
380f, 386–390, 386f–388f,
389t
predicting resectability, 392
pretreatment CT usefulness, 392
significance, 383
therapeutic response evaluation, 392
EBUS-TBNA in, 419–421, 419f
MRI, in NSCLC, 396
Histologic variability, 29–30, 30f, 31f
Histology. See also specific cancers
of major classes of lung cancer, 292, 292t
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, 66,
67t, 95, 107
Histone modifications, 106–107. See also
Epigenetic changes
Histopathology, 287. See also Pathology,
molecular and cellular
Hobnail cells, 302
Hodgkins’ lymphoma, 967, 967t
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 358
HR2822 vaccine, 755t, 756t, 760
Human papillomavirus (HPV)–mediated
lung cancer, 66–67
gender on, 356
Human Protein Atlas (HPA) program, 138
Hyaluronic acid, in malignant
mesothelioma, 950, 950f
Hypercalcemia, in NSCLC, 333–335
Hyperfractionated radiotherapy, 573
Hyperfractionation (HFX), 573, 615
in radiotherapy-related lung damage,
613–615, 614f, 615f
Hypermethylation. See DNA
hypermethylation
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
(HPO, HPOA)
in NSCLC, 336
in SCLC, 348
Hypofractionation, 573
Hypomethylation, 97–98
Hypoperfusion, angiogenic signaling with,
115
Hypoxia, tumor, 115
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